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Journal : Automotive Experiences

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Activated Carbon as a Functional and Sustainable Filler in Composite Bipolar Plates For Fuel Cell Applications Iswandi; Hermanto, Tino; Aldori, Yopan Rahmad; Idris, Muhammad; Suherman, Suherman; Sulong, Abu Bakar
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Issue in Progress
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16009

Abstract

Bipolar plate is a key component that determines a fuel cell's performance and service life. Carbon-based polymer composite materials were developed as lightweight, easy-to-process alternatives to metal. The use of carbon-based fillers in polymer composites has grown rapidly as an alternative to bipolar plate materials in fuel cell applications, especially to meet performance targets set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). DOE requires high electrical conductivity (≥100 S/cm in the in-plane direction and ≥10 S/cm in the through-plane direction), low density, adequate mechanical strength, and good corrosion resistance and chemical stability. Recent studies have shown that the addition of carbon fillers, such as graphite, carbon black, graphene, and activated carbon, can increase electrical conductivity by forming conductive percolation networks in polymer matrices. This study evaluates the potential of activated carbon from household waste in the form of coconut shells as fillers in polypropylene composites for bipolar plate applications. Activated carbon is synthesized through carbonization and activation processes, then mixed into a polypropylene matrix with PP/KA compositions of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 percent by weight. The focus of the study is the effect of composition variation on density and bending strength. The test results show that increasing the activated carbon fraction tends to decrease the composite density. The maximum density was obtained at a 90/10 (by weight) PP/KA composition of 0.9 g/cm³, indicating more effective filling of the pore matrix by activated carbon particles. On the other hand, bending strength shows a downward trend. The maximum flexural strength is achieved at an activated carbon composition of 34.58 MPa at 10% weight, indicating optimal dispersion and stress transfer between the matrix and the filler. The addition of activated carbon above the composition causes a decrease in bending strength due to potential particle agglomeration, cavities, and the limited mobility of polymer chains. Electrical conductivity tends to increase with the addition of activated carbon (AC) due to the formation of a network of electrical currents between carbon particles within cavities, reaching a maximum of 5 S/cm at 30% by weight of AC. The electrical conductivity obtained showed better improvement than several research results on polymeric materials using the hot-press method, with a value of 1.7 S/cm, using graphite filler materials up to 60% by weight. These findings confirm that activated carbon from coconut shells has the potential to serve as a sustainable filler for fuel cell bipolar plates, with an optimal composition that balances density and mechanical properties.
Co-Authors A Zarkasi A. Zarkasi Adriyendi Adrun Nafiz, M Aksul Dewi Fikra Alfarisy, Shofwatunnida Julia Amuharnis Andri Priyoherianto Anjeli Ansorullah Arrie Budhiartie Aryoni Ananta Auliani, Rini Azizah Nst, Nuur Budio, Sesra Candri, Argi Kartika Citra Emalia Citrowati, Endang Dedi Fazriansyah Putra Delfi Enida Deny Budi L. Dewi Ekowati Didik Andito Dina Septiana, Yulda Diyan Andriani Edy Miswar ERNA FITRIANY, ERNA Esty Fithri Azni Fitri Handayani Gani Haryana Gunawan hapid alatas, uying hapid Henky Setiadi Hotmavica Natalia Ibadillah, Raden Ziljian Ifrianto Ika Purwidyaningrum Iko imelda arisa Indah Dwi Lestari Irwan isra wahyuni Jihan Alfadila Kasma Putra, Fitra Khosy Berlian Putry Lita Sari Muchlis Lubis, Mira Anggina Lubis, Suci Asnia M. Lidan Marhayani Mariana Tarihoran Meri Yarni Miswanto Muhammad Afif Muhammad Farhan Muhammad Idris Muhammad Ilham A Siregar Muhammad Irham Muhammadar Musawwir Nabila, Zahwa Nadia Susanti Namini Nasution, Soibatul Aslamiah Niarman, Abdurrahman Nofridayati Novita Fajar Nst, Nur Azizah Nur Fadli Nur Rahmad Arief Nuraini Harmastuti Nuraini, Ika Nursyirwan Perdana, Adli Waliul Rahmadi Rahmi Rahmi, Lidya Raihan, Zachary Renny Marina Aritonang Rimi Gusliana Mais Ristya Putri, Megananda Rizal Fadli Rosta Minawati Saiful Rahman Salman Sayuti, Alwi Farid Septiana, Yulda Dina Siska Mellisa Slamet Riyadi SRI UTAMI Sri Wahyola Sriwardona SUCI FAJRINA Suherman, Suherman Sukur Sulong, Abu Bakar Supriyadi Syamsir Tino Hermanto Titin Rahayu Tri Wijayanti Uun Sunarsih Uying Hapid Alatas Yopan Rahmad Aldori Yusnelli