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All Journal International Journal of Social Service and Research Journal of Governance and Policy Innovation (JGPI) Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science Jurnal Locus Penelitian dan Pengabdian INJURITY: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains Jurnal Hukum Indonesia JURNAL RETENTUM Legalis : Journal of Law Review Jurnal Greenation Sosial dan Politik
Sara, Rineke
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Aerospace Engineering Humanities Astronomy Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Neuroscience Physics Public Health Social Sciences

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Journal : Legalis : Journal of Law Review

 1 
Cross-Border Consumer Disputes in the Digital Marketplace: Rethinking Jurisdiction and Law in Global E-Commerce Governance Taufiqurokhman; Sara, Rineke; Suseno, Wahyu Hanggoro; Zakaria, Ricky Muhamad
Legalis : Journal of Law Review Vol. 3 No. 4 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scientific Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/legalis.v3i4.1122

Abstract

Cross-border e-commerce has created unprecedented opportunities for global trade but also introduced complex legal challenges regarding jurisdiction and applicable law in consumer disputes. This article explores how legal systems particularly those of the European Union (EU), the United States (US), ASEAN, and Indonesia govern jurisdiction and applicable law in business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce transactions. Using a doctrinal and comparative legal method, the study analyzes key instruments such as the Brussels I Recast, Rome I and II Regulations, Hague Conventions of 2005 and 2019, and relevant national laws. Case law from the CJEU and US courts is used to illustrate doctrinal interpretations, with attention to the targeting test, forum-selection enforceability, and protection of consumer rights. Procedural tools such as the Hague Service and Evidence Conventions are also examined. Findings reveal that while the EU offers a harmonized, consumer-focused regime, enforcement across borders remains inconsistent. The Hague 2019 Convention presents a pathway toward enforceability but requires broader ratification. The US system emphasizes contractual freedom, often limiting consumer protections. Regional efforts, particularly in ASEAN and Indonesia, demonstrate varied progress in legal harmonization. Jurisdictional ambiguity, enforcement gaps, and fragmented legal standards continue to affect legal certainty in cross-border e-commerce. The article concludes that harmonized jurisdictional and applicable law standards, coupled with technological and institutional innovation, are necessary to ensure consumer protection and support legal predictability in global digital markets.
Digital Contracts and Jurisdiction in Global E-Commerce: Legal Standards, Clause Validity, and Enforcement Across Borders Supangat, Ajis; Nasution, Emmi Rahmiwita; Sara, Rineke
Legalis : Journal of Law Review Vol. 2 No. 4 (2024): October 2024
Publisher : Indonesian Scientific Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/legalis.v2i4.1124

Abstract

The exponential rise of cross-border e-commerce has presented critical legal challenges regarding jurisdiction, applicable law, and enforcement of consumer disputes. This article aims to provide a comparative and doctrinal analysis of how different jurisdictions primarily the European Union, United States, ASEAN, and Indonesia approach these challenges through domestic legislation, regional instruments, and global conventions. The research employs doctrinal comparative legal methods, analyzing legal instruments such as the Brussels I Recast, Rome I and II Regulations, the Hague Conventions (2005 and 2019), and the New York Convention. Key case law including Pammer, Emrek, Schrems, and Nguyen is examined to highlight judicial interpretations. The analysis includes ASEAN’s regional cooperation frameworks and Indonesia’s regulatory evolution. The results show significant divergence in jurisdictional tests (e.g., the EU’s targeting test vs. the US’s contractual autonomy), clause validity standards (clickwrap vs. browsewrap), and enforcement mechanisms. While the EU offers a structured consumer protection regime, the US emphasizes freedom of contract. ASEAN's soft-law frameworks and Indonesia’s domestic regulations show promise but face implementation and enforcement challenges. The Hague Judgments Convention remains underutilized, while arbitration via the New York Convention proves more reliable for cross-border enforcement. The study concludes that despite substantial progress in developing international legal tools, their effectiveness is undermined by fragmented implementation and regulatory divergence. Harmonization efforts must prioritize enforceable assent standards, broader ratification of international conventions, and capacity-building within national systems particularly in emerging economies.
Co-Authors Alfiani, Francisca Romana Nanik Amrizal Amrizal Ariansyah, Ruli Barthos, Megawati Batubara, Muhamad Iqbal Zein Daton, Febianus Seran Defry Yusdanial, Raden Ferdiandra Diatmika, Komang Trisna Dwi Prakoso, Agung Effendi, Lutfi Erikha, Annisa Fani, Veranika Santiani Hutagalung, Tiur Hasmida K., Andriansyah Tiawarman Kune, Medeleine Antoneta Lorohama Kurniawan, Dicki Agri Lineker, Tyson Nandang, Asep Nasution, Emmi Rahmiwita Prastyanto, Yanwiyatono Pratama Sarwono, Aditya Purnama, Bastoni Riyandra, Reza Rozikin, Imam Samuel Wuisan, Ronald Sebastian, Rommy Siska Siska St. Laksanto Utomo Supangat, Ajis Suryawan, I Nengah Pasek Suseno, Wahyu Hanggoro Taufan, Ridwan Anthony Taufiqurokhman Trisnaning, Theresia Yuliana Kemalasari, Ni Putu Yuwono, M. Sunandar Zakaria, Ricky Muhamad