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Journal : Lex Publica

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Legal Implications of Autonomous Warships under UNCLOS: Navigating Definitional Gaps in International Maritime Law Yudhistira, Afiat; Oktivana, Davina
Lex Publica Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.289

Abstract

Rapid technological advancements have outpaced legal frameworks in regulating autonomous warships, as United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) human-centered definition fails to accommodate crewless or semi-autonomous vessels in modern naval operations. This study examines the legal implications of this definitional gap and explores how international law might evolve to address the governance of autonomous warships. Key issues include sovereignty, accountability, and compliance with existing maritime and wartime legal norms, such as whether a fully autonomous vessel can qualify as a warship under UNCLOS and what responsibilities states bear for their actions in conflict scenarios. Using a normative legal research design with doctrinal and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes UNCLOS, COLREGs, and SOLAS, employing deductive and analogical reasoning to compare autonomous vessels with technologies like remotely piloted UAVs. Autonomous warships do not fully qualify as warships under UNCLOS due to the absence of human command and crew, leading to ambiguities in liability, navigation compliance, cybersecurity risks, and humanitarian duties. However, remote operation and flag state discretion may allow classification, highlighting gaps in existing frameworks.
Co-Authors Aam Suryamah Achyadini Fairuz Adyatma, Emir Fauzan Afifah, Siti Sarah Ahmad M Ramli Ahmad M. Ramli Ahmad M. Ramli Ahmad Mujahid, Fadhli Alvin Daniel Silaban Amara, Ailsha Amirulloh, M. An An Chandrawulan Anudiwanti, Puja Audiya Dewi Rachmawati Aurelia Desviany, Maria Ayu, Miranda Risang Aziza, Khalisa Ameeranoya Batara Siahaan, Gibson Dadang Epi Sukarsa Danrivanto Budhijanto Dwinanto, Arief Eddy Damian Eddy Damian Erli Sarilita Fadhli Ahmad Mujahid Fakhira Meshara Salsabila Fakhira Meshara Salsabila Faujura, Rahmanisa Purnamasari Feliany Kowanda Gibson Batara Siahaan Gunawan, Nabilah Haffas, Mustofa Hardian Eko Nurseto Helitha Novianty Muchtar Helitha Novianty Muchtar Jeremia Lumban Tobing Juliandri, Arfan Kayla Baria Nanditha Khofiyanisa, Nurauliya Syifa Kumar Jha, Gautam Leoni Talitha Mutmainah Lestari, Maudy Andreana Mahadiena Fatmashara Mahmud, Muh. Thorieq Erzulsyah Malika Najla Fadhilah Maria Aurelia Desviany Martina Martina Marwandy, Irsyad Matius Ego Eimi Hutabarat Maulana, Mursal Miranda Risang Ayu Palar Mr Imamulhadi Muchtar, Helitha Novianty Muhamad Amirulloh, Muhamad Muhammad Amirulloh Muhammad Ilman Abidin Mustofa Haffas Mutmainah, Leoni Talitha Nabilah, Ilvi Nadia Astriani Nyimas Safira Septiana Pratama, Muhamad Rizky Putra, Afrizal Musdah Eka Putra, Afrizal Musdah Eka Qoliqina Zolla Sabrina Qoliqina Zolla Sabrina, Qoliqina Zolla Ramli, Ahmad M Ranti Fauza Mayana Reynaldi, Farah Azzahra Rika Ratna Permata Rizka Alifia Zahra Rompis, Adrian E. Rubben Denova Rohmana Ruhiat, Dea Rahmawaty Salsabila Hadiani Sandra Salwa Afifah Sembiring G , Yashara Agidira Sembiring, Patricia Edina Sherly Ayuna Putri Sinta Dewi Sinta Dewi Sinta Dewi Sudaryat Surakusumah, Regan Meganata Syifa Adila Tanaya, Farra Shalma Tasya safiranita Tasya Safiranita Tasya Safiranita, Tasya Tobing, Jeremia Lumban Tsabitah, Tsany Ariqah U. Sudjana, Sudjana U. Sudjana, U. Ute Lies Siti Khadijah Vanny Fiandra Cahyani Wulan Chorry Shafira1 Yudhistira, Afiat Yulinda Adharani Yusuf Saepul Zamil Zainal Muttaqin