Karakteristik Penderita Rabies Paralitik di RSUP Sanglah, Denpasar - Ernesta Ginting; Susilawathi NM; Raka Sudewi AA (Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 2014)
Latar belakang: Ada dua tipe manifestasi klinis rabies pada manusia, yaitu tipe galak dan tipe paralitik. Rabies tipe galak biasanya dapat dengan mudah didiagnosis berdasarkan tanda dan gejalanya yang khas, tetapi diagnosis rabies tipe paralitik sering merupakan dilema bagi klinisi, karena gejalan yang tidak khas dan mirip dengan sindrom Guillain-Barre. Tujuan: Mengetahui karakteristik pasien rabies paralitik di RSUP Sanglah. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif observasional dengan metoda pengumpulan data sekunder dari catatan medis penderita rabies di bangsal perawatan Neurologi RSUP Sanglah dari Januari 2009 – Desember 2010. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 13 (19,69%) kasus rabies paralitik. Gejala prodromal berupa: kesemutan daerah gigitan (69%), demam (46%), mual dan muntah (15%), insomnia dalam 2-5 hari sebelum masuk RS (7%). Gambaran klinis tipe paralitik berupa: paraparesis flaksid simetris (62%), paraparesis flaksid asimetris (15%), monoparesis (15%), fasikulasi (15%), inkontinensia urin (38%), retensi urin (15%), gejala gastrointestinal (distensi abdomen dan ileus paralitik) (53%). Pada stadium akhir (terminal) beberapa gejala klinis khas tipe galak juga muncul, yaitu: gangguan kesadaran berupa fase delirium dan agitasi yang berfluktuasi pada semua penderita (100%), hidrofobia (100%), hipersalivasi (84%), hiperhidrosis (38%), aerofobia (69%), dan fotofobia (7%). Pemeriksaan LCS mendapatkan jumlah sel normal pada 5 pasien dan sel meningkat pada 7(58%) pasien dengan rata-rata jumlah sel 32/mm3. Protein LCS normal pada 4 pasien dan meningkat pada 8(66%) pasien dengan rata-rata 184 mg/dl. Simpulan: Rabies tipe paralitik dan sindrom Guillain-Barre memiliki gejala klinis yang mirip yaitu adanya paralisis flaksid akut yang sering bersifat ascendens. Pada rabies tipe paralitik sering didapatkan beberapa gambaran klinis lain berupa demam, kesemutan di daerah luka gigitan, fasikulasi, inkontinensia urin, progresivitas gejala sangat cepat dan perubahan status kesadaran.Background: Human rabies can present in two clinical forms, furious and paralytic. Diagnosis of furious (encephalitic) form can be made based on typical symptoms and signs. In contrast, paralytic form poses a diagnostic dilemma to distinguish it from Guillain-Barre syndrome. Objective: To describe characteristics of paralytic rabies patients at Sanglah Hospital. Method: This is an observational descriptive study. All data was collected from secondary data from medical records of rabies patients in Neurology ward, Sanglah Hospital from January 2009 – December 2010. Result: There were a total of 13 (19,69%) cases of paralytic rabies. Prodromal symptoms consisted of: paresthesias at the site of healed bite wound (69%), fever (46%), nausea and vomiting (15%), insomnia in about 2-5 days prior to admissions (7%). The clinical features of the paralytic form were: symmetrical flaccid paraparesis (62%), asymmetrical flaccid paraparesis (15%), monoparesis (15%), fasciculation (15%), urinary incontinence (38%), urinary retention (15%), gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal distention and paralytic ileus) (53%). Particularly all patients showed features of furious rabies in terminal stage: fluctuating consciousness between lucid calm and agitation (100%), hypersalivation (84%), hyperhydrosis (38%), hydrophobia (100%), aerophobia (69%), photophobia (7%). CSF cell counts were normal in 5 patients and increased in 7 (58%) patients with mean cell count of 32 cells/mm3. CSF protein was normal in 4 patients and increased in 8 (66%) patients with mean protein 184 mg/dl. Conclusion: Despite similarities between paralytic rabies and Guillain-Barre syndrome, some clinical features i.e., fever, distal paresthesia, fasciculation, urinary incontinence, rapid progression of symptoms and alteration in sensorium may help clinicians to differentiate rabies from Guillain-Barre syndrome. All paralytic rabies cases showed features of furious rabies in terminal stage.