KERAGAMAN MORFOLOGI, PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI, MUTU DAN FITOKIMIA KELADI TIKUS (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume ASAL VARIASI SOMAKLONAL - SITTI FATIMAH SYAHID (Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri, 2008)
ABSTRAKKeladi tikus (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume merupakantanaman obat yang bermanfaat dalam mengobati penyakit kanker. Secarakonvensional, tanaman ini diperbanyak vegetatif sehingga keragamangenetiknya tergolong sempit. Upaya peningkatan ragam genetik keladitikus telah dilakukan melalui variasi somaklonal yaitu kultur kalus dandiperoleh plantlet yang normal, namun belum dievaluasi keragamanmorfologi, komponen pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu dan skrining fitokimiatanaman. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman morfologi,pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu dan fitokimia tanaman hasil kultur kalustersebut. Kegiatan dilakukan di rumah kaca Balai Penelitian TanamanObat dan Aromatik mulai November 2005 sampai Januari 2007. Bahantanaman yang digunakan adalah benih keladi tikus asal kultur kalus.Sebagai pembanding digunakan benih keladi tikus asal kultur jaringan dankonvensional. Bahan tanaman tersebut ditanam di dalam polibagberukuran 20 cm x 30 cm yang berisi media tumbuh campuran tanahdengan pupuk kandang sapi (2:1), dan dipelihara di rumah kaca sampaiberumur sembilan bulan. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah acak lengkapdengan enam belas ulangan. Setiap ulangan terdiri atas satu polibag.Parameter yang diamati adalah karakter morfologi dan pertumbuhan padaumur enam bulan sedangkan produksi umbi diamati pada umur sembilanbulan. Selain itu, juga dilakukan analisis terhadap mutu dan fitokimia dariumbi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara visual tanaman asalbenih kultur kalus memiliki karakteristik morfologi yaitu bentuk daun,bentuk batang, warna daun dan batang serta bentuk umbi yang samadengan benih asal kultur jaringan maupun benih konvensional. Komponenpertumbuhan (jumlah anakan) benih asal kultur kalus dari kutur jaringanlebih sedikit dari benih konvensional. Sedangkan jumlah daun, panjangdan lebar daun tidak berbeda. Tinggi tanaman asal benih kultur kalus lebihpendek dari benih kultur jaringan dan konvensional. Produksi umbi hasilkultur kalus (14,24 g) dan hasil kultur jaringan (15,11g) lebih tinggi dariumbi konvensional (7,0 g). Analisis mutu (kadar sari larut dalam air) padakeladi tikus asal benih kultur jaringan lebih tinggi dari benih asal kulturkalus dan benih konvensional. Senyawa steroid ditemukan pada tanamanasal benih kultur kalus dan kultur jaringan, namun senyawa flavonoid dantriterpenoid terdeteksi dalam jumlah tinggi pada tanaman asal benihkonvensional. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknik keragamansomaklonal pada tanaman keladi tikus hanya meningkatkan variasi mutudan fitokimia tetapi tidak pada morfologi tanaman.Kata kunci : Keladi tikus, Typonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume,keragaman morfologi, pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu,fitokimiaABSTRACTMorphological variation, growth, production, quality andfitochemistry of rodent tuber (Typonium flagelliformeLodd.) Blume derived from somaclonal variationRodent tuber (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume is one ofmedicinal plant which is used for healing cancer. Conventionally, the plantwas vegetatively propagated, therefore. Its genetic variation is narrow. Anattempt to increase the genetic variation of plant was conducted usingsomaclonal variation (calli culture) and resulted the normal planlet in vitro.But, the plant morphology, growth, production, quality and fitochemistryvariation have not been evaluated yet. The aim of the research were toobtain the morphological variation, growth, production, quality andfitochemistry of rodent tuber from calli culture seeds. Experiment wasdone at the Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research InstituteGreen house from November 2005 to January 2007. The plants materialused were seeds of rodent tuber from calli culture compared with seedsfrom in vitro culture. They were planted in the polibag (20 cm x 30 cm)which is contained soil and cow manure (2:1) and maintained until ninemonths. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized designwith sixteen replications. The parameters observed were morphologicalcharacter and growth component at six months and rhizome production atnine months. Further more, quality and fitochemical variation and rhizomewere also analyzed. The result showed that visually, morphologicalcharacter of those plant observed were same in leaf, stem and rhizome.Growth component (number of leaves, length and width of leaves) of seedsfrom calli culture were same with in vitro and conventional but plantheight was different. Conventional seeds produced the greatest tillers butrhizome production was lower than seeds from calli and in vitro. Watersoluble extract from in vitro seeds was higher than calli culture andconventional seeds. Steroid compound was detected in seeds from calliand in vitro. On the otherhand, flavonoid and triterpenoid were not found.The experiment showed that application of somaclonal variation on rodenttuber only increase the quality and fitochemical variations but not on plantmorphology.Key words : Typonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume, morphologicalvariation, growth, production, quality, fitochemistry