ØªØ·ÙˆÙŠØ± Ø¨ÙŠØ¦Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© ÙÙŠ Ø§ÙƒØªØ³Ø§Ø¨ Ù…Ù‡Ø§Ø±Ø© Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙ„Ø§Ù… ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø®Ù„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù„ÙŠØ© 1 Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…ÙŠØ© Ø¨ÙˆÙŠÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù„ÙŠ 2018/2019Ù… - Hariroh, Mazidah (El-Hayah, 2020)
Ù…Ù„Ø®ØµØªÙ‡Ø¯Ù Ù‡Ø°Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø© Ø¥Ù„Ù‰: 1) Ù„ØªØµÙÙŠØ© ØªØ·ÙˆÙŠØ± Ø¨ÙŠØ¦Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© ÙÙŠ Ø§ÙƒØªØ³Ø§Ø¨ Ù…Ù‡Ø§Ø±Ø© Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙ„Ø§Ù… ÙÙ‰ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø®Ù„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù„ÙŠØ© 1 Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…ÙŠØ© Ø¨ÙˆÙŠÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù„ÙŠ. 2) Ù„ØªØµÙÙŠØ© Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø¬Ø§Ø ØªØ·ÙˆÙŠØ± Ø¨ÙŠØ¦Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© ÙÙŠ Ø§ÙƒØªØ³Ø§Ø¨ Ù…Ù‡Ø§Ø±Ø© Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙ„Ø§Ù… ÙÙ‰ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø®Ù„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù„ÙŠØ© 1 Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…ÙŠØ© Ø¨ÙˆÙŠÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù„ÙŠ. 3) Ù„ØªØµÙÙŠØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹ÙˆØ§Ù…Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø¹Ù…Ø© Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ù‚Ø¨Ø§Øª ÙÙŠ ØªØ·ÙˆÙŠØ± Ø¨ÙŠØ¦Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© ÙÙŠ Ø§ÙƒØªØ³Ø§Ø¨ Ù…Ù‡Ø§Ø±Ø© Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙ„Ø§Ù… ÙÙ‰ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø®Ù„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù„ÙŠØ© 1 Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…ÙŠØ© Ø¨ÙˆÙŠÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù„ÙŠ.ÙŠÙƒÙˆÙ† Ù‡Ø°Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ø¨ØØ« Ø¨ØØ«Ø§ ÙˆØµÙÙŠØ§ ØªØµÙˆÙŠØ±ÙŠØ§, Ùˆ ÙˆÙ‚Øª Ø§Ù„Ø¨ØØ« Ù…Ù† Ø´Ù‡Ø± Ù†ÙˆÙÙ…Ø¨Ø± ØØªÙ‰ Ù…Ø§Ø±Ø³ 2019. ÙˆØ£Ù…Ø§ Ù…ÙƒØ§Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¨ØØ« Ù‡Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø®Ù„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù„ÙŠØ© 1 Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…ÙŠØ© Ø¨ÙˆÙŠÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù„ÙŠ, Ùˆ Ù…ÙˆØ¶ÙˆØ¹ Ù‡Ø°Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ø¨ØØ« Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ù‘Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø®Ù„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù„ÙŠØ© 1 Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…ÙŠØ© Ø¨ÙˆÙŠÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù„ÙŠ. ÙˆØ£Ù…Ø§ Ù…Ø®Ø¨Ø± Ù‡Ø°Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ø¨ØØ« Ù‡Ùˆ Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ù‘Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø£Ø®Ø±Ù‰ ÙˆØ§Ù„ØªÙ„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ° ÙˆØ±Ø¦ÙŠØ³ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø©. Ø§Ù„Ø·Ø±ÙŠÙ‚Ø© Ø§Ù„ØªÙŠ Ø³Ø§Ø±Øª Ø¹Ù„ÙŠÙ‡Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø§ØØ«Ø© Ù„Ù„ÙˆØµÙˆÙ„ Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙˆØ§Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…ØØªØ§Ø¬Ø© ÙÙ‰ ÙƒØªØ§Ø¨Ø© Ù‡Ø°Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ø¨ØØ« Ù‡ÙŠ Ø·Ø±ÙŠÙ‚Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù„Ø§ØØ¸Ø©, Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‚Ø§Ø¨Ù„Ø©, Ùˆ Ø§Ù„ØªÙˆØ«ÙŠÙ‚ÙŠØ©. Ùˆ Ø£Ù…Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ø·Ø±ÙŠÙ‚Ø© Ù„ØªØµØÙŠØ Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙˆØ§Ø¯ Ù‡ÙŠ Ø§Ù„ØªØ«Ù„ÙŠØ«, Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ø·Ø±ÙŠÙ‚Ø© Ù„ØªØÙ„ÙŠÙ„ Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙˆØ§Ø¯ Ù‡ÙŠ ØªØ¬Ù„ÙŠØ¨ Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙˆØ§Ø¯, ØªÙ‚Ø¯Ù… Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙˆØ§Ø¯, ÙˆØ§ØªØ®Ø§Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø®Ù„Ø§ØµØ©.Ø£Ø¸Ù‡Ø±Øª Ø§Ù„Ù†ØªØ§Ø¦Ø¬ Ø£Ù†Ù‡ :1) ØªØµÙ†ÙŠÙ ØªØ·ÙˆÙŠØ± Ø¨ÙŠØ¦Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© ÙÙŠ ØªØØ³ÙŠÙ† Ù…Ù‡Ø§Ø±Ø§Øª Ø§Ù„ØªØØ¯Ø« ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø®Ù„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù„ÙŠØ© 1 Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…ÙŠØ© Ø¨ÙˆÙŠÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù„ÙŠ Ø¥Ù„Ù‰ Ø«Ù„Ø§Ø«Ø© Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ù†Ø¨ ØŒ ÙˆÙ‡ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ù†Ø¨ Ø§Ù„ØªØ¹Ù„ÙŠÙ…ÙŠØ© ØŒ ÙˆØ¬ÙˆØ§Ù†Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø±Ø§ÙÙ‚ ÙˆØ§Ù„Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ù†Ø¨ Ø§Ù„ØªØÙÙŠØ²ÙŠØ©. Ø§Ù„Ø£ÙˆÙ„ Ù‡Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ù†Ø¨ Ø§Ù„ØªØ¹Ù„ÙŠÙ…ÙŠØ© ØŒ ÙˆÙ‡ÙŠ Ø› Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù…Ø¬ Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ù„Ø²Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ© ØŒ Ø¯Ø±ÙˆØ³ Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© ØŒ ØªÙ‚Ø¨Ù„ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù…Ø¬ Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙØ±Ø¯Ø§Øª ØŒ Ø§Ù„Ù…ØØ§Ø¶Ø±Ø©. Ø§Ù„Ø«Ø§Ù†ÙŠØ© ØŒ ÙˆØ§Ù„Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ù†Ø¨ Ù…Ø±ÙÙ‚ ØŒ ÙˆÙ‡ÙŠ Ø› Ø¹Ù†Ø§Ø¨Ø± ØŒ Ù…ÙƒØ§Ù† ØªØ¹Ù„ÙŠÙ…ÙŠ ÙŠØªÙƒÙˆÙ† Ù…Ù† ØºØ±ÙØ© Ù„Ù„ØµÙ„Ø§Ø© ØŒ Ù…Ù†Ø²Ù„ Ù…ØªÙ†Ù‚Ù„ ØŒ Ø·Ø§Ù‚Ù… ØªØ¯Ø±ÙŠØ³. Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø§Ù†Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ø«Ø§Ù„Ø« Ù…Ù† Ø§Ù„ØØ§ÙØ² Ø› ÙÙŠ ØªØ·Ø¨ÙŠÙ‚ Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ ØŒ Ù…Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¶Ø±ÙˆØ±ÙŠ Ù„Ù„ØºØ§ÙŠØ© Ø£Ù† ÙŠÙƒÙˆÙ† Ø§Ù„ØªÙ…Ø«ÙŠÙ„ ØØ§ÙØ²Ù‹Ø§ ÙƒØ¨ÙŠØ±Ù‹Ø§ Ù„ØªØ¹Ø¨Ø¦Ø© Ø§Ù„ØªÙ„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ° Ù„ÙŠÙƒÙˆÙ†ÙˆØ§ Ù…Ø³ØªØ¹Ø¯ÙŠÙ† ÙˆÙ‚Ø§Ø¯Ø±ÙŠÙ† Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ø§Ø³ØªØ®Ø¯Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø´ÙƒÙ„ Ø¬ÙŠØ¯ ÙˆØ§Ù„ØªÙˆØ§ØµÙ„ Ø§Ù„ØÙ‚ÙŠÙ‚ÙŠ. 2) Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø®Ù„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù„ÙŠØ© 1 Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…ÙŠØ© Ø¨ÙˆÙŠÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù„ÙŠ Ù…Ù† Ø®Ù„Ø§Ù„ Ø§Ù„ØªØÙ„ÙŠÙ„ ÙŠÙ…ÙƒÙ† ØªØµÙ†ÙŠÙÙ‡Ø§ Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ø£Ù†Ù‡Ø§ Ø¬ÙŠØ¯Ø©. ÙŠØªØ¶Ø Ù‡Ø°Ø§ Ù…Ù† Ø®Ù„Ø§Ù„ Ø¨Ø±Ù†Ø§Ù…Ø¬ Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø±Ù…Ù„ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¯Ø± ØŒ Ø§Ù„ØªÙ„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ° Ø§Ù„Ù…ØªØÙ…Ø³ÙˆÙ† Ù„Ù„Ù…Ø´Ø§Ø±ÙƒØ© ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø±Ù†Ø§Ù…Ø¬ ÙˆØ§Ù„Ø¨Ø±Ù†Ø§Ù…Ø¬ ÙŠØÙ‚Ù‚ Ø§Ù„Ù‡Ø¯Ù. 3) Ø§Ù„Ø¹ÙˆØ§Ù…Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§Ø¹Ù…Ø© ÙˆØ§Ù„Ø¹ÙˆØ§Ù…Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø«Ø¨Ø·Ø©. ØªÙˆÙØ± Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¬Ø¹ ØŒ ÙˆØªÙˆØ§ÙØ± Ø£Ø¹Ø¶Ø§Ø¡ Ù‡ÙŠØ¦Ø© Ø§Ù„ØªØ¯Ø±ÙŠØ³ ØŒ ÙˆØ§Ù„Ø£Ù†Ø´Ø·Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø®ØªÙ„ÙØ© ØŒ ÙˆØ§Ù„ØªÙ„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ° ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¬Ø¹Â  ØªÙ„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ° Ù…ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø¯Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ§Øª. ÙÙŠ ØÙŠÙ† ØªÙ…Ù†Ø¹ Ø§Ù„Ø¹ÙˆØ§Ù…Ù„ Ø› Ø§ÙØªØ±Ø§Ø¶Ø§Øª Ø§Ù„ØªÙ„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ° ØÙˆÙ„ Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© ØµØ¹Ø¨Ø© ÙˆÙ…Ø¹Ù‚Ø¯Ø© ØŒ Ø§Ù‡ØªÙ…Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„ØªÙ„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ° Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù†Ø®ÙØ¶ Ø¨Ø§Ù„ØªÙˆØ§ØµÙ„ ØŒ Ù„Ø§ ÙŠÙˆØ¬Ø¯ Ù…Ø®ØªØ¨Ø± ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¬Ø¹.Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙ„Ù…Ø§Øª Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø¦ÙŠØ³ÙŠØ©: ØªØ·ÙˆÙŠØ±ØŒ Ø¨ÙŠØ¦Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù„ØºØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ© Ùˆ Ù…Ù‡Ø§Ø±Ø© Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙ„Ø§Ù…