Pendekatan Agroekologi dalam Optimalisasi Penggunaan Hara dan Air melalui Integrasi Tanaman-Ternak Berbasis LEISA - Hanifa, Riswanda Sukma; Susilowati, Lolita Endang; Mulyati, Mulyati; Swardji, Swardji (Empiricism Journal, 2025)
Pertanian lahan kering menghadapi tantangan utama berupa rendahnya kesuburan tanah, keterbatasan air, dan tingginya kehilangan hara akibat erosi, evaporasi, serta minimnya bahan organik. Pendekatan agroekologi dan konsep Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) menawarkan strategi berkelanjutan melalui pemanfaatan sumber daya lokal, optimalisasi proses biologis tanah, dan pengurangan ketergantungan pada input eksternal. Salah satu implementasi yang relevan adalah sistem integrasi tanaman-ternak (Integrated Crop-Livestock System (ICLS), yang mampu meningkatkan efisiensi hara dan air melalui pemanfaatan residu tanaman sebagai pakan ternak, pengembalian kotoran ternak sebagai pupuk organik, dan peningkatan aktivitas mikroba tanah. Kajian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) sebagai pendekatan utama untuk menghimpun, menyeleksi, dan menganalisis secara terstruktur dan transparan terhadap publikasi nasional dan internasional dalam rentang tahun 2015-2025 pada topik efisiensi hara-air, agroekologi, dan sistem integratif pada lahan kering. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ICLS mampu meningkatkan kandungan bahan organik, memperbaiki aliran nutrien dalam tanah, infiltrasi air, dan menjaga stabilitas agregat tanah yang sangat mendukung keberlanjutan lahan pertanian karena dapat meminimalkan pencemaran dan mendukung pemulihan fungsi ekologis lahan pertanian, sekaligus memberikan manfaat ekonomi melalui penghematan input sehingga mampu meningkatkan produktivitas lahan, serta memungkinkan adanya diversifikasi pendapatan. Namun, adopsi ICLS masih terhambat oleh kelembagaan petani, keterbatasan teknologi, dan minimnya dukungan kebijakan. Kajian ini menegaskan bahwa integrasi agroekologi dan LEISA berpotensi besar untuk memperkuat keberlanjutan pertanian lahan kering. Agroecological Approaches to Optimizing Nutrient and Water Use through Crop-Livestock Integration within a LEISA-Based System Abstract Dryland agriculture faces major challenges such as low soil fertility, limited water availability, and high nutrient losses due to erosion, evaporation, and low organic matter. Agroecology approaches and the concept of Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) offer sustainable strategies through the use of local resources, optimization of soil biological processes, and reduction of dependence on external inputs. One relevant implementation is the Integrated Crop-Livestock System (ICLS), which can improve nutrient and water use efficiency by utilizing crop residues as livestock feed, returning animal manure as organic fertilizer, and enhancing soil microbial activity. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method as the main approach to systematically and transparently collect, select, and analyze national and international publications published between 2015 and 2025 on the topic of nutrient-water efficiency, agroecology, and integrative systems in dryland. The analysis results showed that ICLS is able to increase organic matter content, improve nutrient flow in the soil, water infiltration, and maintain soil aggregate stability, which strongly supports the sustainability of agricultural land because it can minimize pollution and support the restoration of ecological functions of farmland, while also providing economic benefits through input savings, thereby increasing land productivity and allowing for income diversification. However, the adoption of ICLS is still hindered by farmer institutions, limited technology, and minimal policy support. This study emphasizes that the integration of agroecology and LEISA has great potential to strengthen the sustainability of dryland agriculture.