Dinamika Pertumbuhan dan Akumulasi Serasah Tanaman Pionir Pada Lahan Bekas Tambang Batubara: Kajian Kondisi Fisik Tanah Pasca Penanaman: Dynamics of Growth and Litter Accumulation of Pioneer Vegetation on Former Coal Mining Land: A Study of Soil Physical Conditions Post Planting - Nisya, Dian; Nurjanto, Handojo Hadi; Faridah, Eny (Jurnal Silva Tropika, 2025)
ABSTRACT Sengon (Falcataria moluccana), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) are pioneer vegetation species commonly found in post-coal mining areas in Jambi, Indonesia. Each species exerts a distinct influence on soil development acceleration, linked to the accumulation of organic matter derived from overlying vegetation, including litter and root exudates. Therefore, long-term evaluation of the growth of these pioneer plants is essential to understand their effectiveness in post-mining land conditions. This study aims to integrate the analysis of plant growth, litter accumulation, and soil physical conditions within a holistic framework, which can serve as a reference for the impacts of revegetation following coal mining in tropical regions. The research was conducted from April to September 2022. Field observations, including plant growth measurements, litter and understory vegetation sampling, and soil sampling, were performed in the coal mining concession area of PT Nan Riang, while soil physical property tests were carried out in the Soil Fertility Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Jambi. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Results indicate that five-year-old Sengon, Mahoni, and Jabon plants in the post-coal mining area in Jambi have average heights of 18.3 m, 9.9 m, and 11.17 m; stem diameters of 15.6 cm, 4.3 cm, and 9.8 cm; and canopy diameters of 2.2 m, 0.47 m, and 1.2 m. Litter accumulation from the three pioneer species at the study site ranged from 4 to 18 tons per hectare, with Jabon producing the highest litter accumulation, followed by Sengon and Mahoni. Furthermore, planting pioneer species in post-coal mining areas has been shown to improve soil physical properties compared to control sites, attributed to the organic matter content derived from understory and pioneer plant litter.   Key words: litter accumulation, pioneer vegetation, soil physical properties   ABSTRAK Sengon (Falcataria moluccana), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) dan jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), merupakan vegetasi pionir yang dapat dijumpai pada areal bekas tambang batubara di Jambi. Tiap jenis vegetasi, tentu akan memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap percepatan perkembangan tanah. Hal ini berhubungan dengan akumulasi bahan organik yang berasal dari vegetasi yang ada di atasnya, berupa serasah dan eksudasi akar. Sehingga, evaluasi jangka panjang terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman pionir ini diperlukan untuk memahami efektivitasnya dalam kondisi lahan pasca tambang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengintegrasikan analisis pertumbuhan tanaman, akumulasi serasah, dan kondisi fisik tanah dalam satu kerangka holistik, yang dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan dampak revegetasi pasca penambangan batubara di daerah tropika. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada April - September 2022. Penelitian lapangan berupa pengamatan pertumbuhan tanaman, pengambilan sampel serasah dan tumbuhan bawah, hingga pengambilan sampel tanah dilaksanakan pada wilayah izin usaha pertambangan batubara PT Nan Riang, sedangkan Pengujian sifat fisik tanah dilakukan di Laboratorium Kesuburan Tanah Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jambi. Data pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) pada taraf 5% dan uji Least Significance Different (LSD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman sengon, mahoni dan jabon umur lima tahun yang ditanam pada areal bekas tambang batubara di Jambi memiliki tinggi rata-rata (18;3,9;11,17m), diameter batang (15,6;4,3;9,8cm) serta diameter tajuk (2,2;0,47;1,2m). Akumulasi serasah tiga jenis tanaman pionir pada lokasi penelitian mencapai 4 sampai 18 ton/Ha, dengan jenis jabon sebagai penghasil serasah terbanyak pada lokasi penelitian, diikuti oleh sengon dan mahoni. Selain itu, penanaman jenis pionir pada areal bekas tambang batubara terbukti dapat memperbaiki kondisi sifat fisik tanah, jika dibandingkan dengan lokasi kontrol. Hal ini disebabkan karena pada lokasi yang ditanami jenis pionir memiliki kandungan bahan organik yang berasal dari serasah tumbuhan bawah dan tanaman pionir itu sendiri.   Kata kunci: akumulasi serasah, sifat fisik tanah, tanaman pionir