Barriers To Medical Cannabis Legalization In Indonesia: A Case Study Of Legal, Institutional, And Political Inertia - Malik, Saputra; Apriyanto, Teguh (International Journal of Islamic Education, Research and Multiculturalism (IJIERM), 2026)
Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji hambatan legalisasi ganja medis di Indonesia dalam kondisi stagnasi kebijakan, meskipun terdapat dinamika global dan perkembangan bukti ilmiah. Kajian ini bertumpu pada kerangka hukum nasional, khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, serta keterkaitannya dengan Undang-Undang Kesehatan dan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis hambatan utama dalam perumusan kebijakan ganja medis dari dimensi hukum, kelembagaan, dan politik. Metode penelitiannya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan 4 (empat) informan serta analisis dokumen berupa penelitian terdahulu, draf perubahan Undang-Undang Narkotika, Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, Undang-Undang Kesehatan, Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, serta putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Analisis dilakukan dengan teknik analisis tematik melalui pengkodean bertahap. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa stagnasi kebijakan merupakan hasil keterkaitan antara ketidakjelasan norma hukum, keterbatasan kapasitas kelembagaan, dan pertimbangan politik dalam proses legislasi. Secara normatif, pengaturan ganja masih bersifat larangan tanpa pengaturan operasional untuk kepentingan medis. Secara kelembagaan, terdapat fragmentasi kewenangan dan dominasi pendekatan penegakan hukum yang restriktif. Selain itu, isu ini cenderung tidak menjadi prioritas dalam agenda legislasi. Secara yuridis, pengujian undang-undang telah dilakukan melalui Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 106/PUU-XVIII/2020 dan Nomor 13/PUU-XXII/2024, namun pelaksanaan penelitian ilmiah yang diperintahkan belum terealisasi. Penelitian ini mengajukan konsep legal–institutional inertia untuk menjelaskan kebuntuan kebijakan serta merekomendasikan reformasi regulasi terbatas, penguatan kelembagaan, dan strategi komunikasi berbasis bukti. Kata Kunci: Ganja Medis; Inersia Kebijakan; Analisis Sosial-Hukum; Kebijakan Narkoba; Perubahan Kebijakan; Indonesia Abstract This study examines the obstacles to the legalization of medical cannabis in Indonesia amidst policy stagnation, despite global dynamics and the development of scientific evidence. This study focuses on the national legal framework, specifically Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, and its relationship to the Health Law and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the main obstacles in the formulation of medical cannabis policy from the legal, institutional, and political dimensions. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with four informants and document analysis in the form of previous research, draft amendments to the Narcotics Law, Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, the Health Law, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and Constitutional Court decisions. The analysis was conducted using thematic analysis techniques through step-by-step coding. The findings indicate that policy stagnation is the result of the interplay between unclear legal norms, limited institutional capacity, and political considerations in the legislative process. Normatively, marijuana regulation remains prohibitive, with no operational regulations for medical purposes. Institutionally, there is fragmentation of authority and the dominance of restrictive law enforcement. Furthermore, this issue tends not to be a priority on the legislative agenda. Legally, judicial review of the law has been conducted through Constitutional Court Decisions No. 106/PUU-XVIII/2020 and No. 13/PUU-XXII/2024, but the implementation of scientific research is believed to have not been realized. This study proposes the concept of legal-institutional inertia to explain the policy impasse and recommends limited regulatory reform, institutional strengthening, and evidence-based communication strategies. Keywords: Medical Cannabis; Policy Inertia; Socio-Legal Analysis; Drug Policy; Policy Change; Indonesia