Clinical Pharmacy Services in Hospital Settings in Timor- Leste: A Systematic Literature Review - Justina Dos Santos; Muhammad Yopan (Jurnal Ners, 2026)
Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi terkini layanan farmasi klinis di rumah sakit di Timor-Leste, mengidentifikasi hambatan dan faktor pendukung implementasinya, serta mengevaluasi model praktik yang dapat diadaptasi dari negara Asia Tenggara. Penelitian menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan pendekatan PRISMA melalui pencarian database PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, dan Google Scholar. Sebanyak 15 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan sintesis tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa layanan farmasi klinis di Timor-Leste masih berada pada tahap awal dan didominasi oleh fungsi dispensing. Hambatan utama meliputi keterbatasan tenaga farmasis, kurangnya pelatihan klinis, lemahnya kebijakan, serta minimnya integrasi dalam tim multidisiplin. Sebaliknya, faktor pendukung meliputi dukungan kebijakan, penguatan SDM, serta integrasi layanan berbasis tim. Model praktik yang relevan untuk diadaptasi meliputi program kepatuhan obat, layanan farmasi berbasis bangsal, antimicrobial stewardship, dan medication review. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengembangan layanan farmasi klinis di Timor-Leste memerlukan pendekatan sistemik yang mengintegrasikan kebijakan, kapasitas SDM, dan model layanan berbasis bukti. Kata Kunci: farmasi klinis, rumah sakit, LMIC, Timor-Leste, systematic review Abstract This study aims to analyze the current state of hospital clinical pharmacy services in Timor-Leste, identify key barriers and facilitators to their implementation, and determine adaptable practice models from Southeast Asian countries. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines using databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A total of 15 eligible peer-reviewed studies published between 2021 and 2025 were included and analyzed using thematic synthesis. The findings indicate that clinical pharmacy services in Timor-Leste remain at an early stage of development and are predominantly limited to traditional dispensing roles. Major barriers include workforce shortages, limited clinical training, weak policy frameworks, and lack of integration into multidisciplinary healthcare teams. Conversely, key facilitators identified across Southeast Asia include strong policy support, workforce development, and structured clinical pharmacy service models. Several adaptable models were identified, including medication adherence programs, ward-based clinical pharmacy services, antimicrobial stewardship programs, and medication review systems. This study concludes that advancing clinical pharmacy services in Timor-Leste requires a system-level approach integrating policy reform, workforce strengthening, and evidence-based service implementation. Keywords: clinical pharmacy, hospital, LMIC, Timor-Leste, systematic review