The Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Fetal Epigenetic Programming and Its Implications for Long Term Health: A Systematic Literature Review - Waldatul Hamidah; Delmi Sulastri (Jurnal Ners, 2026)
Latar Belakang: Nutrisi maternal merupakan faktor determinan kritis yang mempengaruhi pemrograman epigenetik janin selama masa kehamilan. Modifikasi epigenetik akibat paparan nutrisi intrauterin dapat berdampak permanen terhadap ekspresi gen dan kesehatan keturunan jangka panjang. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh status nutrisi maternal terhadap mekanisme epigenetic programming janin serta implikasinya terhadap kesehatan jangka panjang keturunan. Metode: Systematic literature review dilakukan dengan pencarian artikel melalui database PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, dan CINAHL menggunakan kata kunci "maternal nutrition", "epigenetic programming", "fetal programming", dan "long-term health outcomes" rentang tahun 2015–2024. Inklusi artikel memenuhi kriteria PRISMA dengan total 25 artikel dianalisis secara mendalam. Hasil: Defisiensi asam folat, vitamin D, zinc, dan omega-3 terbukti menginduksi perubahan metilasi DNA dan modifikasi histon yang memengaruhi ekspresi gen terkait metabolisme, imunitas, dan perkembangan neurokognitif. Overnutrisi maternal menunjukkan dampak epigenetik melalui jalur mTOR dan sitokin inflamasi. Implikasi jangka panjang mencakup peningkatan risiko obesitas, diabetes mellitus tipe 2, gangguan kardiovaskular, dan gangguan neurodevelopmental. Simpulan: Optimalisasi nutrisi maternal merupakan intervensi kritis dalam pencegahan penyakit tidak menular generasi berikutnya melalui modifikasi jalur epigenetik. Kata Kunci: nutrisi maternal, epigenetic programming, kesehatan janin, kesehatan jangka panjang, systematic review Abstract Background: Maternal nutrition is a critical determinant factor influencing fetal epigenetic programming during pregnancy. Epigenetic modifications arising from intrauterine nutritional exposure can permanently affect gene expression and long-term offspring health. Objective: To analyze the influence of maternal nutritional status on fetal epigenetic programming mechanisms and its implications for long-term offspring health. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted by searching articles through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and CINAHL databases using keywords "maternal nutrition", "epigenetic programming", "fetal programming", and "long-term health outcomes" covering 2015–2024. Article inclusion followed PRISMA criteria with 25 articles analyzed in depth. Results: Deficiencies in folic acid, vitamin D, zinc, and omega-3 were proven to induce DNA methylation changes and histone modifications affecting gene expression related to metabolism, immunity, and neurocognitive development. Maternal overnutrition showed similar epigenetic impacts through the mTOR pathway and inflammatory cytokines. Long-term implications include increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. Conclusion: Optimization of maternal nutrition is a critical intervention in preventing non-communicable diseases in the next generation through epigenetic pathway modification.