Sistem Utilitas Bangunan dalam Mendukung Kenyamanan, Efisiensi Energi, dan Desain Arsitektur Berkelanjutan - Hasyim, Achmad Nur; Handayani, Agil Fitri; Ismail, Achmad Zidan Dwi; Ayu, Adilla Rava Naura; Alfian, Ahmad Affan Firza; Kiong, Tee Tze (Journal of Authentic Research, 2026)
Sistem utilitas bangunan berpengaruh langsung terhadap kenyamanan, kesehatan, keselamatan, efisiensi energi, dan keberlanjutan desain arsitektur. Akan tetapi, sejumlah kajian masih menempatkan utilitas sebagai persoalan teknis yang terpisah dari proses konseptual arsitektur, sehingga hubungan antara sistem kelistrikan, sanitasi, ventilasi/HVAC, drainase, pengelolaan energi, estetika ruang, dan teknologi digital belum tersintesis secara terpadu. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis peran sistem utilitas bangunan dalam mendukung kenyamanan dan efisiensi desain arsitektur serta merumuskan kerangka integratif untuk perancangan arsitektur berkelanjutan. Penelitian menggunakan metode tinjauan literatur naratif dengan prosedur pencarian terstruktur pada Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Garuda, SINTA, serta dokumen standar terkait pada rentang 2015–2025, dengan beberapa rujukan konseptual klasik yang tetap dipertahankan. Sebanyak 33 sumber inti dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik melalui tahap familiarisasi, pengodean, pengelompokan tema, interpretasi, dan sintesis konseptual. Hasil kajian menunjukkan enam tema utama: kelistrikan dan pencahayaan, air bersih dan sanitasi, ventilasi/HVAC, drainase, pengelolaan energi, serta integrasi digital melalui BIM, sensor, IoT, dan building energy management system. Ventilasi/HVAC dan sanitasi terutama terkait dengan kenyamanan, kesehatan, dan kualitas lingkungan dalam ruang; kelistrikan, pencahayaan, dan pengelolaan energi berhubungan kuat dengan efisiensi operasional; sedangkan drainase menentukan ketahanan bangunan terhadap kelembapan, genangan, dan risiko lingkungan. Kontribusi artikel ini adalah model konseptual yang menempatkan utilitas sebagai variabel desain sejak tahap awal, bukan sebagai komponen tambahan setelah bentuk arsitektur selesai. Building utility systems directly influence comfort, health, safety, energy efficiency, and the sustainability of architectural design. However, many studies still treat utilities as technical components detached from the conceptual design process, leaving the relationships among electrical systems, sanitation, ventilation/HVAC, drainage, energy management, spatial aesthetics, and digital technologies insufficiently synthesized. This article aims to analyze the role of building utility systems in supporting comfort and efficiency in architectural design and to formulate an integrative framework for sustainable architectural design. The study employed a narrative literature review with a structured search procedure across Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Garuda, SINTA, and relevant standards documents published between 2015 and 2025, while retaining several seminal conceptual references. Thirty-three core sources were analyzed through thematic analysis involving familiarization, coding, theme clustering, interpretation, and conceptual synthesis. The findings reveal six main themes: electrical and lighting systems, water supply and sanitation, ventilation/HVAC, drainage, energy management, and digital integration through BIM, sensors, IoT, and building energy management systems. Ventilation/HVAC and sanitation are mainly associated with occupant comfort, health, and indoor environmental quality; electrical, lighting, and energy management systems are strongly related to operational efficiency; while drainage contributes to building resilience against moisture, waterlogging, and environmental risks. The contribution of this article lies in a conceptual model that positions utilities as design variables from the earliest stage rather than as additional components after architectural form has been finalized.