Analisis Keragaman 35 Aksesi Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Asal - BUDI SANTOSA; JOKO PRASETIYONO; AHMAD DADANG; DONATA S. PANDIN; . SOBIR; MEDDY RACHMADI; ALFRED P. MANAMBANGTUA (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan, 2015)
ABSTRAK Program pemuliaan untuk peningkatan produksi minyak kelapa sawit dapat dilakukan dengan cara melakukan seleksi plasma nutfah, observasi/eksplorasi lapang, maupun introduksi aksesi baru dari luar negeri. Teknologi seleksi kelapa sawit dapat dilakukan secara konvensional dan non-konvensional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi keragaman genetik aksesi kelapa sawit asal Kamerun berdasarkan keragaman karakter morfologi, produksi awal, dengan menggunakan marka molekuler SSR. Penelitian dilakukan di KP Sitiung dan BB Biogen. Sampel yang dipilih adalah aksesi yang memiliki produksi awal tandan buah segar (TBS) minimal 4 kg. Sebanyak 35 aksesi kelapa sawit asal Kamerun dan 20 primer SSR digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil pengamatan karakter morfologi menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan karakter morfologi diantara 35 tanaman kelapa sawit yang produksi awalnya ≥ 4 kg TBS. Produksi awal kelapa sawit berkisar antara 4 - 9,5 kg TBS per tandan dengan koefisien keragaman rendah, yaitu < 20%. Berdasarkan analisis 20 primer SSR dihasilkan enam pita dengan kisaran 4−12 alel. Jumlah alel dominan sangat mendominasi dibanding dengan alel jarang maupun alel sedang. Nilai Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) yang diperoleh sebagian bernilai negatif, 11 primer (55%) bernilai positif. Primer MEgcl3639 menghasilkan nilai PIC tertinggi (0,65), sedangkan nilai PIC terendah pada primer MEgcl0046 (-0,48). Berdasarkan analisis UPGMA aksesi 35 kelapa sawit terbagi ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok I terdiri dari 34 aksesi pada tingkat kesamaan genetik 42,5 - 67,5%, dan kelompok II, yaitu satu aksesi (D91.4). Aksesi D91.4 memiliki komposisi genetik yang sangat berbeda dengan kelompok I, dapat digunakan sebagai calon tetua persilangan. Perlu penelitian lebih detail pada aksesi D91.4 ini untuk pengamatan karakter kadar minyak, ketebalan cangkang, daging buah, dll.Kata kunci : Kelapa sawit, Kamerun, produksi awal, SSR. Diveristy Analysis of 35 Oil Palm Accessions (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Originated from Cameroon Based on Early Production Character by Using SSR Markers ABSTRACT Oil palm breeding programs to increase oil palm production can be done by under going selection in the germplasm collection, observation/exploration in the field and introduction from abroad. The technology can also be done by conventional or non-convention always. This study aimed to obtain information about genetic diversity of palm accessions originated from Cameroon based on the diversity of morphology and early production characters by using SSR molecular markers. Selected samples were those that had early production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of at least 4 kg. The research were held in Sitiung Field Station and ICABIOGRAD. Accessions used were oil palm accessions originated from Cameroon as many as 35 accessions, where as microsatellite primers used were as many as 20 SSR primers. The observation result of morphological characters showed that 35 oil palm accessions with production level of ≥4,00 kg of FFB were not statically different. Initial production of oil palm accession were ranged from 4,00 to 9,50 kg FFB per cluster with low diversity coefficient of <20%, which indicating high level of genetic uniformity. Molecular analysis by using 20 SSR primers resulted in number of bands up to six, with a range of 4-12 alleles. Dominant alleles were more dominat as compared to rare or medium alleles. Some of Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values were obtained negative, and only 11 primers (55%) showed positive PIC value. In this study, the primer Megcl3639 produced the highest PIC value (0.65), while the lowest value was obtained on the primer MEgcl0046 (-0,48). Based on the UPGMA analysis, 35 oil palm accessions were divided into two groups. The first group was comprised by 34 accessions with similarity of 42,5 - 67,5%, where as group II was comprised by one accession (D91.4). Accession D91.4 has a genetic composition that is very different the group I, can be used as a prospective parent for crosses. More detailed research is needed on this D91.4 accessions such as oil content, shell thickness, thickness of fruit, etc.Keywords: Oil palm, Cameroon, early production, SSR.