ELIMINASI Potyvirus PENYEBAB PENYAKIT MOSAIK PADA TANAMAN NILAM DENGAN KULTUR MERISTEM APIKAL DAN PERLAKUAN AIR PANAS PADA SETEK BATANG - RITA NOVERIZA; GEDE SUASTIKA; SRI HENDRASTUTI HIDAYAT; UTOMO KARTOSUWONDO (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan, 2012)
ABSTRAKMinyak nilam merupakan salah satu bahan baku parfum multifungsiyang bernilai tinggi. Budidaya dan pengembangan tanaman nilamterkendala oleh serangan Potyvirus yang menyebabkan penyakit mosaik.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan benih nilam bebas virusdengan metode kultur meristem apikal dan perlakuan air panas pada setekbatang. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai Januari sampai Desember 2010 diLaboratorium Virologi Tumbuhan, Institut Pertanian Bogor dan RumahKasa Hama dan Penyakit, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik(Balittro) di Bogor. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah tiga varietasnilam (Sidikalang, Lhokseumawe, Tapak Tuan). Penelitian terdiri atas (1)Eliminasi Potyvirus pada tanaman nilam menggunakan kultur meristemapikal dan (2) Eliminasi Potyvirus pada setek batang nilam denganperlakuan air panas. Percobaan pertama disusun menggunakan rancanganacak lengkap dengan perlakuan 3 varietas nilam dan 2 tipe eksplan(meristem apikal dan batang terminal), dan diulang 10 kali. Parameteryang diamati adalah persentase pertumbuhan, waktu inisiasi, tinggi, danwarna tunas, serta persentase tanaman yang terinfeksi Potyvirus.Percobaan kedua menggunakan air panas pada tiga tingkatan suhu (50, 55,dan 60 o C) dan tingkatan waktu perendaman (10, 20, dan 30 menit).Percobaan disusun menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 10perlakuan dan 10 ulangan. Tanaman nilam dipelihara selama 8 minggu dandilakukan pengamatan tinggi setek yang tumbuh dan daun yang bergejalamosaik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman nilam, yangdiperbanyak dari kultur meristem apikal ukuran 0,5-1 mm, menghasilkan33,3-99,9% tanaman bebas virus. Perendaman setek batang nilam di dalamair panas pada suhu 50-60 o C selama 10-30 menit tidak dapatmengeliminasi Potyvirus yang menginfeksi ketiga varietas nilam yangdiuji. Setek batang nilam varietas Tapak Tuan dan Lhokseumawe lebihtoleran terhadap air panas dibandingkan Sidikalang tetapi daya tumbuhyasemakin menurun seiring semakin lama waktu perendaman. Teknik kulturmeristem apikal berpotensi untuk menghasilkan setek nilam yang bebasvirus.Kata kunci : kultur meristem apikal, perlakuan air panas, Pogostemoncablin, PotyvirusABSTRACTPatchouli oil produced by patchouli plant is one of multifunctioningperfume’s raw materials and has high economic value. One importantconstraint during its cultivation is infection by Potyvirus causing seriousmosaic disease. This study was conducted to develop a technique toproduce virus-free cutting seeds using apical meristem culture and hotwater treatment on stem cutting. The study was carried out from January toDecember 2010 in Plant Virology Laboratory of Bogor AgriculturalUniversity and Pest and Diseases screen house of Indonesian Medicinaland Aromatic Crops Research Institute (Balittro) in Bogor. Three varietiesof patchouli plant, i.e. Sidikalang, Lhokseumawe, and Tapak Tuan, wereused in this study. The study consisted of (1) Elimination Potyvirus incuttings of patchouli through apical meristem culture and (2) EliminationPotyvirus in stem cuttings of patchouli with hot water treatment. The firstexperiment was arranged using completely randomized design withtreatments of three patchouli varieties and two explant types (apicalmeristem and stem terminal), and it was replicated 10 times. Parametersobserved were bud growth percentage, initiation time, height, and color,and also percentage of plant infected by Potyvirus. The second experimentapplied hot water at three temperature levels (50, 55, and 60 o C) andsubmersion periods (10, 20, and 30 minutes). It was arranged usingrandomized complete design, consisting of 10 treatments with 10 plantsfor each treatment. The patchouli plants were maintained for 8 weeks andobservations were made for height of growing cuttings and leaves withmosaic symptoms. The results showed that the patchouli plants propagatedfrom apical meristem culture of 0.5-1 mm in sizes yielded 33.3-99.9%virus-free plants. Submersion of patchouli stem cutting seeds in hot waterof 50-60 o C and soaking period of 10-30 minutes could not eliminated theinfecting Potyvirus on patchouli the three tested varieties. Cutting seeds ofLhokseumawe and Tapak Tuan varieties were more tolerant to hot waterthan Sidikalang one. However, their ability to grow decreased in line withlonger submersion time period. Apical meristem culture technique ispotential to produce virus-free cutting seeds of patchouli.Key words: apical meristem culture, hot water treatment, Pogostemoncablin, Potyvirus