Ideologi Politik Khawarij Ibadiyah Dan Sistem Monarki Dinasti Rustamiyah - Rofiq, Ahmad Choirul (IAIN Ponorogo, 2016)
Abstract: The Ibadites were the Kharijite followers of â€˜Abd Alla>h ibn Iba>d al-Tami>mi>. This sect was recognized as the most moderate of the Kharijites. Because of their moderation, they established their political power under the leadership of â€˜Abd al-Rahma>n ibn Rustam, the Persian. The Rustamids (160-296 AH / 776-909 AD) were monarchic dynasty. The succession was limited to the descendants of â€˜Abd al-Rahma>n ibn Rustam. This policy related to government succession was incompatible with the Ibadite doctrine, i.e. everyone who had certain criteria could be selected to be a leader of Muslims, without privilege of particular lineage or ethnicity. According to behavioral approach, this political history shows that many political factors caused such Rustamid succession. The first, the comparison between the population of the Persians and the Berbers. The Berber population was larger than the Persian population and therefore the Berbers could remove the Persian ruler easily if he had broken the Islamic law. The second, the influence of Islamic governments around the Rustamids that performed the monarchic system. The third, the people of the Nafu>sah who had great influence on the Rustamid policy.Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù„Ø®Øµ: Ø¥Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø¨Ø§Ø¶ÙŠØ© ÙØ±Ù‚Ø© Ù…Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø®ÙˆØ§Ø±Ø¬. ÙˆØ§Ù„Ø¥Ø¨Ø§Ø¶ÙŠÙˆÙ† Ø£ØªØ¨Ø§Ø¹ Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø¨Ø§Ø¶ Ø§Ù„ØªÙ…ÙŠÙ…ÙŠ. ÙˆØ§Ø¹ØªØ¨Ø±Øª Ù‡Ø°Ù‡ Ø§Ù„ÙØ±Ù‚Ø© Ø£ÙƒØ«Ø± ÙØ±Ù‚Ø© Ø§Ø¹ØªØ¯Ø§Ù„Ø§ Ù…Ù† Ø§Ù„ÙØ±Ù‚ Ø§Ù„Ø®Ø§Ø±Ø¬ÙŠØ© Ø§Ù„Ø£Ø®Ø±Ù‰ØŒ ÙØ§Ø³ØªØ·Ø§Ø¹ Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø¨Ø§Ø¶ÙŠÙˆÙ† Ø¥Ù‚Ø§Ù…Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø¨Ø§Ø¶ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø³Ø¨Ø¨ Ø§Ø¹ØªØ¯Ø§Ù„Ù‡Ù… ØªØØª Ù‚ÙŠØ§Ø¯Ø© Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø±ØÙ…Ù† Ø¨Ù† Ø±Ø³ØªÙ… Ø§Ù„ÙØ§Ø±Ø³ÙŠ. Ø¥Ù† Ø³ÙŠØ§Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Ø©Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø³ØªÙ…ÙŠØ©Ø§Ù„Ù…ØªØ¹Ù„Ù‚Ø© Ø¨ØªØºÙŠÙ‘Ø± Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…Ø© ØªØ¨Ù†Ù‰ Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ù…Ø¨Ø¯Ø£ Ø§Ù„ÙˆØ±Ø§Ø«Ø©. ÙˆÙ‡Ø°Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙŠØ§Ø³Ø© Ù„Ø§ ØªØªÙÙ‚ Ù…Ø¹ Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø¸Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø¨Ø§Ø¶ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø°ÙŠ ÙŠÙ‚Ø±Ø± Ø£Ù† Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…Ø© ØÙ‚ Ù„Ø£ÙŠ Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù… Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ‡ Ø´Ø±ÙˆØ· Ù…Ø¹ÙŠÙ‘Ù†Ø© Ù„ÙŠÙƒÙˆÙ† Ø£Ù…ÙŠØ± Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…ÙŠÙ† Ø¨Ø¯ÙˆÙ† ØªÙØ¶ÙŠÙ„ Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ø£Ø´Ø±Ù Ø§Ù„Ø£Ù†Ø³Ø§Ø¨ Ø£Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø¨Ø§Ø¦Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ø®Ø§ØµØ©. Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯ Ø§Ù„ØªØÙ„ÙŠÙ„ Ø¨Ø§Ù„Ø·Ø±ÙŠÙ‚Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„ÙˆÙƒÙŠØ©ØŒ Ù‡Ø°Ø§ Ø§Ù„ØªØ§Ø±ÙŠØ® Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙŠØ§Ø³ÙŠ ÙŠØ¨ÙŠÙ† Ù„Ù†Ø§ Ø£Ù† Ù‡Ù†Ø§Ùƒ Ø¹Ø¯Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹ÙˆØ§Ù…Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙŠØ§Ø³ÙŠØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø§ÙØ¹Ø© Ø¥Ù„Ù‰ Ø§Ù„ØÙƒÙˆÙ…Ø© Ø§Ù„ÙˆØ±Ø§Ø«Ø© ÙÙŠ Ø¹Ù‡Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø³ØªÙ…ÙŠØ©. Ø£ÙˆÙ„Ø§ØŒ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‚Ø§Ø±Ù†Ø© Ø¨ÙŠÙ† Ø¹Ø¯Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙƒØ§Ù† Ø§Ù„ÙØ§Ø±Ø³ÙŠÙŠÙ† ÙˆØ§Ù„Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø¨Ø±. Ø¥Ù† Ø§Ù„ÙØ§Ø±Ø³ÙŠÙŠÙ† Ø£ÙƒØ«Ø± Ø¹Ø¯Ø¯Ø§ Ù…Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø¨Ø± ÙÙŠØ³Ù‡Ù„ Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø¨Ø± Ø§Ù†Ù‚Ù„Ø§Ø¨ ØÙƒÙˆÙ…Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø³ØªÙ…ÙŠÙŠÙ† Ø§Ù„ÙØ§Ø±Ø³ÙŠÙŠÙ† Ø§Ø°Ø§ ÙƒØ§Ù† Ø£Ù…ÙŠØ± Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¤Ù…Ù†ÙŠÙ† Ù…Ù†ØªÙ‡Ùƒ Ù†Ø¸Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…. Ø«Ø§Ù†ÙŠØ§ØŒ ØªØ£Ø«ÙŠØ± Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙˆÙ„ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¬Ø§ÙˆØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¨Ù†ÙŠØ© Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ù…Ø¨Ø¯Ø£ Ø§Ù„ÙˆØ±Ø§Ø«Ø©. Ø«Ø§Ù„Ø«Ø§ØŒ Ù‚ÙˆØ© ØªØ£Ø«ÙŠØ± Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø¨ÙŠÙ„Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù†ÙÙˆØ³ÙŠØ© Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ø¹Ø¯Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙŠØ§Ø³Ø§Øª Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø³ØªÙ…ÙŠØ©.Abstrak: Iba>diyyah adalah sekte Khawarij yang dipimpin â€˜Abd Alla>h ibn Iba>d al-Tami>mi>. Kelompok ini dinilai sebagai kelompok paling moderat dibandingkan kelompok-kelompok Khawarij lainnya. Berkat sikap moderasi inilah, maka Iba>diyyah berhasil mewujudkan kekuasaaan politik pada era Dinasti Rustamiyyah di bawah pimpinan â€˜Abd al-Rahma>n ibn Rustam. Dalam bidang politik, pemerintahan Rustamiyyah (160-296 M / 776-909 H) ternyata menerapkan sistem monarki yang bertolak belakang dengan doktrin Iba>diyyah sendiri. Setelah dilakukan analisis dengan pendekatan behavioral, kajian sejarah politik ini menemukan adanya beberapa motif yang melatarbelakangi kebijakan suksesi kepemimpinan Rustamiyyah tersebut. Pada dasarnya, kepentingan politis telah mendorong Rustamiyyah untuk mengabaikan idealisme doktrin Iba>diyyah. Faktor-faktor itu ialah perbandingan jumlah populasi penduduk dari Persia yang lebih sedikit daripada penduduk Berber sehingga penggulingan pemimpin yang menyeleweng dari hukum Islam lebih mudah dilakukan, pengaruh dari tradisi pemerintahan Islam di sekitarnya pada saat itu yang cenderung menerapkan suksesi kekuasaan secara turun temurun, dan pengaruh kuat masyarakat Nafu>sah terhadap pemerintahan Rustamiyyah dalam berbagai kebijakan politik.