Konsepsi dan Strategi Pengendalian Nematoda Parasit Tanaman Perkebunan di Indonesia - IKA MUSTIKA (Puslitbang Perkebunan, 2005)
ABSTRAKNematoda parasit merupakan salah satu Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT) penting yang menyerang berbagai jenis tanaman budidaya. Di Indonesia sudah diidentifikasi sebanyak 26 spesies nematoda parasit yang menyerang tanaman pangan, hortikultura dan perkebunan (lada, nilam, jahe, tembakau, kopi). Di antara nematoda tersebut Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Radopholus, dan Globodera merupakan nematoda parasit yang paling merusak. Kerusakan akibat serangan nematoda parasit di seluruh dunia dapat mencapai US 80 milyar. Kerugian ekonomi akibat serangan nematoda pada tanaman di Indonesia belum dapat diperkirakan, mengingat sampai saat ini data kerusakan yang ada, masih bersifat parsial, hanya berdasarkan hasil-hasil penelitian di rumah kaca dan lapang dalam luasan yang sangat terbatas. Masalah nematoda parasit di Indonesia, baru mendapat perhatian serius pada tahun 2003, sejak ditemukannya nematoda Globodera rostochiensis (nematoda sista kuning atau NSK) yang menyerang tanaman kentang di dusun Sumber Brantas, Kota Baru, Jawa Timur. Saat ini nematoda tersebut sudah menyebar di provinsi Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur dan Sumatera Utara, dan menyebabkan kehilangan hasil kentang sebesar 32%-71%, atau kerugian ekonomi sebesar Rp 2 trilyun. Saat ini, sudah diperoleh berbagai komponen pengendalian nematoda pada berbagai jenis tanaman, di antaranya adalah penggunaan varietas tahan (toleran), teknik budidaya (pemupukan, bahan organik, pergiliran tanaman, penutup tanah), pestisida nabati (tepung biji mimba, bungkil jarak), agen hayati (jamur Arthrobotrys, bakteri Pasteuria penetrans),pestisida kimia, dan karantina (mencegah penyebaran nematoda dari daerah terinfeksi ke daerah lain). Sebagai bagian yang cukup penting dalam pengembangan PHT (pengendalian hama terpadu), strategi pengendalian nematoda harus didasarkan pada konsep pengendalian yang tepat dengan menggabungkan beberapa kompo-nen pengendalian yang sudah tersedia, disertai dukungan kebijakan operasional dan kebijakan teknis. Kebijakan operasional meliputi program pelatihan, penelitian dan pengkajian melalui koordinasi instansi pemerintah, swasta dan petani. Sedangkan kebijakan teknis meliputi pengawasan keberadaan (surveillance) nematoda, perkembangan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh nematoda, dan penyebarannya.Kata kunci : Tanaman perkebunan, nematoda, parasit tanaman, pengendalian nematoda terpadu, pestisida nabati, agen hayati ABSTRACTConcept and strategy for plant parasitic nematodes control on estate crops in IndonesiaPlant parasitic nematode is one of the organisms continue to threaten agricultural crops. In Indonesia, 26 species of plant parasitic nematodes infecting various food, horticulture, and estate crops (black pepper, patchouli, ginger, tobacco, and coffee) have been identified. Amongst those, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Radopholus and Globodera are the most destructive nematodes in Indonesia. World economical crop losses caused by nematodes may reach 80 billion US . Because of unavailable data, crop losses due to nematodes in Indonesia have not been estimated. Nematodes problem in Indonesia became serious in the year 2003, when potato plantation in Sumber Brantas, Kota Baru, East Java was attacked by golden cyst nematoda (G. rostochiensis). This nematode now has spread in the provinces of West, Central and East Java, as well as North Sumatera, and caused 32%-71% crop losses approx. of Rp 2 trilyun. Nowadays, various components of control methods have been obtained, such as the use of resistant or tolerant varieties, cultural practices (fertilizer, organic matter, rotation, cover crops), botanical pesticides (neem seed powder, castor meal), biological agents (Arthrobotrys, Pasteuria penetrans), chemical pesticides, as well as quarantine (to protect nematodes spreading from infected to uninfected area). As the most important part of the development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), control strategy of nematodes must be conducted integratedly and ecofriendly based on the precise concept through combining of some control method components, supported by operational and technical prudents. Operational prudent includes training program, research and development through the coordination of government and private institution as well as farmers. Technical prudent includes control of existency (surveillance) of nematodes, the development of disease caused by nematodes, and its spreading.Key words : Estate crops, nematode, plant parasitic, integrated nematode control, botanical pesticide, biological agent