Implikasi Hukum Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) Asing Terhadap Kedaulatan Indonesia di Zona Ekonomi klusif Indonesia terhadap Kedaulatan dan Yurisdiksi Nasional - Rizki Rizki; Laot Kian, Antonius Maria; See, Benedictus Renny (Universitas Semarang, 2025)
This study examines the legal vacuum and enforcement challenges arising from the operation of foreign Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) in Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a strategic issue because it has the potential to affect sovereignty, underwater security, and the protection of critical infrastructure. The research questions include the regulation of UUVs under UNCLOS 1982, the national legal response to autonomous underwater technology, and relevant regulatory models for Indonesia. This study uses a normative juridical method combined with a comparative approach to the practices of other countries. The results of the study show that: (1) UNCLOS does not yet provide a definition or operational instruments for the interception and attribution of UUV nationality; (2) national laws, particularly the Maritime Law and EEZ Law, do not yet regulate the definition of UUVs, interception SOPs, or seizure authority; and (3) weaknesses in coordination and technological limitations expand the gray area for dual-use UUV operations that pose a threat to maritime security. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in the formulation of a new interpretive framework that integrates the characteristics of autonomous technology into the maritime legal regime while offering a normative basis for the formation of national regulations that are more harmonious with UNCLOS. The novelty of this research lies in its systematic analysis of the disharmony between international norms and national laws and the formulation of normative parameters for designing operational UUV regulations for policymakers. Penelitian ini menelaah kekosongan hukum dan tantangan penegakan yang muncul akibat beroperasinya Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) asing di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) Indonesia, suatu isu strategis karena berpotensi memengaruhi kedaulatan, keamanan bawah laut, dan perlindungan infrastruktur kritis. Pertanyaan penelitian meliputi pengaturan UUV menurut UNCLOS 1982, respons hukum nasional terhadap teknologi bawah air otonom, serta model regulasi yang relevan untuk Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang dipadukan dengan pendekatan komparatif terhadap praktik negara lain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) UNCLOS belum menyediakan definisi maupun instrumen operasional untuk intersepsi dan atribusi kebangsaan UUV; (2) hukum nasional, terutama UU Kelautan dan UU ZEE, belum mengatur definisi UUV, SOP intersepsi, serta kewenangan penyitaan; dan (3) kelemahan koordinasi serta keterbatasan teknologi memperluas ruang abu-abu bagi operasi UUV dual-use yang berisiko mengancam keamanan maritim. Kontribusi teoretis penelitian terletak pada perumusan kerangka interpretatif baru yang mengintegrasikan karakteristik teknologi otonom ke dalam rezim hukum laut, sekaligus menawarkan dasar normatif bagi pembentukan regulasi nasional yang lebih harmonis dengan UNCLOS. Novelti penelitian ini terletak pada analisis sistematis mengenai ketidakharmonisan antara norma internasional dan hukum nasional serta penyusunan parameter normatif untuk merancang regulasi UUV yang operasional bagi pembuat kebijakan.