Analisis risiko kesehatan akibat paparan polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pada sistem perairan: Literatur review - Ni Putu Citra Wulandari; Disny Prajnawita (Published by: Indonesian Public Health-Observer Information Forum (IPHORR) Kerjasama dengan Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia (PPNI), 2026)
Background: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) that continue to be detected in aquatic environments despite their global ban. Their persistent and lipophilic characteristics lead to accumulation in sediments and biota, thereby increasing human exposure risks, particularly through fish consumption. Purpose: To identify knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for enhancing environmental management policies and mitigeting health risks due to PCBs exposure. Method: This study is a systematic literature review of articles published between 2015 and 2025 retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. A total of 95 articles were found, and 13 of them passed the selection based on relevance, methodological quality, and the availibility of PBCs concentration data for risk analysis. Results: PCBs concentrations in surface water ranged from 0.01-5.2 µg/L, in sediments from 40-800 ng/g, and in groundwater from 0.003-0.12 µg/L. Major sources of contamination included transformer oil leakage, electronic and metallurgical industrial waste, sediment remobilization, and open waste burning. The highest health risks were associated with fish consumption, with several locations showing Hazard Quotients (HQ) >1 and Cancer Risk (CR) values between CR 10-5-10-3, exceeding international safety limits. Conclusion: PSBs remain a global health threat, necessiting strengthened monitoring, pollution source control, and evidence-based exposure risks. Keyword: Aquatic Systems; Bioaccumulation; Health Risk Assessment; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); Water Pollution. Pendahuluan: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) merupakan Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) yang tetap terdeteksi di lingkungan perairan meskipun telah dilarang secara global. Sifatnya yang persisten dan lipofilik menyebabkan akumulasi pada sedimen dan biota, sehingga meningkatkan risiko paparan bagi manusia melalui konsumsi ikan. Tujuan: Untuk mengidentifikasi kesenjangan pengetahuan dan memberikan rekomendasi bagi peningkatan kebijakan pengelolaan lingkungan dan mitigasi risiko kesehatan akibat paparan PCBs. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan literature review sistematis terhadap artikel tahun 2015-2025 yang diambil dari PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley, SpringerLink, dan Google Scholar. Sebanyak 95 artikel yang ditemukan dan 13 diantaranya lolos seleksi berdasarkan relevansi, kualitas metodologi, dan ketersediaan data konsentrasi PCBs untuk analisis risiko. Hasil: Konsentrasi PCBs pada air permukaan tercatat 0.01-5.2 µg/L, sedimen 40-800 ng/g, dan air tanah 0.003-0.12 µg/L. Sumber pencemar utama meliputi kebocoran minyak transformator, limbah industri elektronik/metalurgi, remobilisasi sedimen, dan pembakaran sampah. Risiko kesehatan tertinggi berasal dari konsumsi ikan, dengan beberapa lokasi menunjukkan HQ >1 dan nilai Cancer Risk (CR) 10-5-10-3, melebihi batas aman internasional. Simpulan: PCBs masih menjadi ancaman kesehatan global, sehingga diperlukan penguatan monitoring, pengendalian sumber pencemar, dan kebijakan mitigasi berbasis bukti untuk menurunkan risiko paparan masyarakat. Kata Kunci: Analisis Risiko Kesehatan; Bioakumulasi; Pencemaran Air; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB); Sistem Perairan.