PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PADA NASABAH PINJAMAN ONLINE UNTUK MENCEGAH TERJADINYA PRAKTIK PENAGIHAN ILEGAL - Norman; Hartana; Nyoman Tio Rae (Jurusan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum Uin Alauddin Makassar, 2026)
Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji perlindungan hukum bagi nasabah pinjaman online (peer-to-peer lending) di Indonesia dalam menghadapi praktik penagihan ilegal yang semakin mengancam keselamatan jiwa. Meskipun kerangka regulasi Indonesia secara kuantitas sudah cukup komprehensif, mencakup UU Perlindungan Konsumen, UU ITE, UU Perlindungan Data Pribadi, serta berbagai POJK dan SEOJK, namun secara kualitas masih menyimpan kelemahan mendasar berupa kekaburan norma, ambiguitas teknis regulasi, dan sistem sanksi yang lemah dalam implementasi. Dengan menggunakan kerangka Teori Kepastian Hukum Gustav Radbruch dan Teori Perlindungan Hukum Philipus M. Hadjon, penelitian ini menemukan kesenjangan yang sangat signifikan antara das sollen dan das sein, yang termanifestasi melalui empat faktor sistemik: normative gap, implementation gap, coordination gap, dan awareness gap. Kegagalan berlapis sistem perlindungan ini terbukti dari 61 kasus bunuh diri akibat tekanan penagihan sepanjang 2020-2024, insiden Kalibata 2024, serta dikabulkannya gugatan warga negara melalui Putusan MA Nomor 1206 K/Pdt/2024 yang menyatakan negara lalai melindungi warganya. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa yang dibutuhkan bukan sekadar penambahan regulasi, melainkan reformasi menyeluruh yang mencakup penyempurnaan substansi norma, konsistensi penegakan hukum, koordinasi antarinstansi, dan peningkatan literasi keuangan masyarakat secara bersamaan dan berkelanjutan. Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Pinjaman Online, Penagihan Ilegal Abstract This study examines legal protection for online loan (peer-to-peer) customers in Indonesia in the face of illegal debt collection practices that increasingly threaten their lives. Although Indonesia's regulatory framework is quite comprehensive quantitatively, encompassing the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, and various POJK (OJK Regulations) and SEOJK (Security and Ethics) regulations, it still suffers from fundamental weaknesses in terms of unclear norms, technical ambiguity in regulations, and a weak sanction system in implementation. Using the framework of Gustav Radbruch's Legal Certainty Theory and Philipus M. Hadjon's Legal Protection Theory, this study finds a significant gap between das sollen and das sein, manifested through four systemic factors: the normative gap, the implementation gap, the coordination gap, and the awareness gap. This multi-layered failure of the protection system is evident in the 61 suicides due to debt collection pressure between 2020 and 2024, the 2024 Kalibata incident, and the granting of a citizen's lawsuit through Supreme Court Decision Number 1206 K/Pdt/2024, which declared the state negligent in protecting its citizens. This study concludes that what is needed is not simply additional regulations, but rather comprehensive reform that includes improving the substance of norms, consistent law enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and simultaneously and sustainably improving public financial literacy. Keywords: Legal Protection, Online Loans, Illegal Debt Collection