Dampak Kimia Mikroplastik terhadap Lingkungan Perairan: Systematic Literature Review: The Chemical Impact of Microplastics on Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Literature Review - Tresya A. Simalango; Chaira Adinda Rambe; Nur Hasanah; Chantika Imelia Br. Sinaga; Lamtama Robintang Simarmata; Ekarniman Gulo; Meliana; Syairal Fahmy Dalimunthe (Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu, 2026)
Mikroplastik merupakan partikel plastik berukuran kurang dari 5 mm yang banyak ditemukan di lingkungan perairan akibat aktivitas antropogenik dan degradasi sampah plastik. Secara kimia, mikroplastik tersusun atas polimer sintetis yang bersifat persisten dan mampu mengadsorpsi berbagai polutan seperti logam berat, pestisida, dan senyawa organik beracun. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji dampak kimia mikroplastik terhadap lingkungan perairan dan organisme akuatik berdasarkan berbagai penelitian nasional maupun internasional. Metode yang digunakan adalah Systematic Literature Review (SLR) melalui pengumpulan artikel ilmiah dari Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, dan Springer pada rentang tahun 2020–2025. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa mikroplastik dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas perairan, gangguan metabolisme organisme, stres oksidatif, gangguan reproduksi, serta bioakumulasi dalam rantai makanan. Selain itu, mikroplastik berpotensi membahayakan kesehatan manusia melalui konsumsi hasil perairan yang tercemar. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengurangan penggunaan plastik sekali pakai, peningkatan pengelolaan limbah, serta pengembangan teknologi pengolahan mikroplastik guna mengurangi pencemaran di lingkungan perairan. Microplastics are plastic particles measuring less than 5 mm that are commonly found in aquatic environments due to anthropogenic activities and plastic waste degradation. Chemically, microplastics are composed of persistent synthetic polymers capable of adsorbing various pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and toxic organic compounds. This article aims to examine the chemical impacts of microplastics on aquatic environments and aquatic organisms based on various national and international studies. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) through the collection of scientific articles from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Springer in the period 2020–2025. The results of the study indicate that microplastics can cause decreased water quality, disruption of organism metabolism, oxidative stress, reproductive disorders, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. In addition, microplastics have the potential to harm human health through consumption of contaminated aquatic products. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the use of single-use plastics, improve waste management, and develop microplastic processing technology to reduce pollution in aquatic environments.