Peran Bioteknologi Mikroba Dalam Pengembangan Biofestisida Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Mendukung Pertanian Berkelanjutan - Anggun Sianipar; Saipul Sihotang; Ivan Permana Putra; Juni Kasih Lombu; Shara Nafisah; Gracia Christy Sitompul; Zulheri Noer; Cut Nelly; Rita Fitriani; Muhammad Usman (Universitas Medan Area, 2026)
Abstrak Penggunaan pestisida sintetis secara intensif masih menjadi salah satu strategi utama dalam pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman. Namun, penggunaan jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan, kesehatan manusia, resistensi hama, serta penurunan keanekaragaman hayati. Bioteknologi mikroba menawarkan pendekatan alternatif melalui pemanfaatan mikroorganisme potensial sebagai agen biopestisida ramah lingkungan. Artikel review ini bertujuan untuk membahas peran bioteknologi mikroba dalam pengembangan biopestisida berbasis bakteri, cendawan, virus, dan aktinomiset, serta kontribusinya terhadap sistem pertanian berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian literatur terhadap artikel ilmiah, regulasi, dan laporan terkait biopestisida mikroba, mekanisme kerja, formulasi, aplikasi lapangan, serta tantangan komersialisasi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa mikroba seperti Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma spp., Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, dan Streptomyces spp. memiliki potensi besar sebagai agen pengendali hayati melalui mekanisme antibiosis, kompetisi, mikoparasitisme, produksi enzim litik, produksi metabolit sekunder, serta induksi ketahanan sistemik tanaman. Pengembangan biopestisida mikroba masih menghadapi kendala berupa stabilitas formulasi, konsistensi efektivitas di lapangan, regulasi, umur simpan, serta penerimaan petani. Oleh karena itu, integrasi bioteknologi mikroba, formulasi modern, pendekatan omics, dan sistem pengendalian hama terpadu menjadi strategi penting dalam memperkuat pemanfaatan biopestisida untuk pertanian berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: bioteknologi mikroba; biopestisida; agen hayati; pertanian berkelanjutan; pengendalian hayati. Abstract The intensive use of synthetic pesticides remains one of the main strategies for controlling plant pests and diseases. However, long-term application may cause environmental degradation, pest resistance, biodiversity loss, and potential risks to human health. Microbial biotechnology offers an alternative approach through the utilization of beneficial microorganisms as environmentally friendly biopesticides. This review aims to discuss the role of microbial biotechnology in the development of biopesticides based on bacteria, fungi, viruses, and actinomycetes, as well as their contribution to sustainable agriculture. The method used in this study was a literature review of scientific articles, regulations, and reports related to microbial biopesticides, mechanisms of action, formulation, field application, and commercialization challenges. The review shows that microorganisms such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma spp., Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Streptomyces spp. have strong potential as biological control agents through antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, lytic enzyme production, secondary metabolite production, and induced systemic resistance. Nevertheless, microbial biopesticide development still faces several challenges, including formulation stability, field efficacy consistency, regulation, shelf life, and farmer acceptance. Therefore, integrating microbial biotechnology, modern formulation, omics approaches, and integrated pest management is essential to strengthen the role of microbial biopesticides in sustainable agriculture.