EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN MAKANAN BERGIZI GRATIS DI SEKOLAH: TINJAUAN LITERATUR TERHADAP MODEL IMPLEMENTASI DI NEGARA MAJU - ERWINDA ERWINDA; Delmi Sulastri; Ikeu Tanziha; Rosfita Rasyid (Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, 2026)
ABSTRACT Background: Free school meal policies are widely implemented to improve child nutrition, reduce social inequality, and support learning outcomes. Evidence from developed countries is relevant for Indonesia because the Makan Bergizi Gratis programme requires strong governance, clear nutrition standards, robust food safety control, and sustainable financing. Objective: This review analyses implementation models and key effectiveness factors of free school meal programmes in developed countries and formulates policy implications for Indonesia. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using the PRISMA approach. Articles were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar with the keywords free school meals, school feeding program, nutrition policy, academic achievement, and child health. Eligible articles were peer‑reviewed, available in full‑text, published between 2017 and 2026, and reported health, education, participation, or implementation outcomes. Results: The reviewed studies indicate that successful school meal programmes share five core factors: clear targeting or universal coverage, adequate and stable funding, enforceable nutrition and food safety standards, reliable procurement and distribution systems, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. Universal models tend to increase participation and reduce stigma, while targeted models depend on accurate eligibility data and strong administrative capacity.Conclusion: Free school meal programmes can effectively support child nutrition and learning when they integrate health, education, and food system governance. Indonesia should strengthen phased implementation, local food procurement, menu standardisation, food safety supervision, and outcome evaluation in the Makan Bergizi Gratis programmeKeywords: Academic achievement; child health; nutrition; policy implementation; school meals ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Kebijakan makanan gratis di sekolah banyak digunakan untuk memperbaiki gizi anak, mengurangi kesenjangan sosial, dan mendukung hasil belajar. Bukti dari negara maju relevan bagi Indonesia karena program Makan Bergizi Gratis memerlukan tata kelola yang kuat, standar gizi yang jelas, pengawasan keamanan pangan yang ketat, dan pembiayaan yang berkelanjutan.Tujuan: Tinjauan ini menganalisis model implementasi dan faktor efektivitas program makanan gratis di sekolah pada negara maju serta merumuskan implikasi kebijakannya bagi Indonesia.Metode: Tinjauan literatur dilakukan secara terstruktur dengan pendekatan PRISMA. Artikel ditelusuri melalui PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar dengan kata kunci free school meals, school feeding program, nutrition policy, academic achievement, dan child health. Artikel yang dipilih merupakan artikel peer‑reviewed, tersedia dalam bentuk full‑text, terbit pada 2017–2026, dan melaporkan luaran kesehatan, pendidikan, partisipasi, atau implementasi.Hasil: Studi yang direview menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan program ditopang oleh lima faktor utama, yaitu cakupan sasaran yang jelas atau universal, pendanaan yang memadai dan stabil, standar gizi serta keamanan pangan yang dapat ditegakkan, sistem pengadaan dan distribusi yang andal, serta monitoring dan evaluasi yang berkelanjutan. Model universal cenderung meningkatkan partisipasi dan mengurangi stigma, sedangkan model bersasaran sangat bergantung pada akurasi data kelayakan dan kapasitas administrasi.Simpulan: Program makanan gratis di sekolah dapat mendukung perbaikan gizi dan pembelajaran anak jika mampu mengintegrasikan tata kelola kesehatan, pendidikan, dan sistem pangan. Indonesia perlu memperkuat implementasi bertahap, pengadaan pangan lokal, standardisasi menu, pengawasan keamanan pangan, dan evaluasi luaran dalam pelaksanaan Makan Bergizi Gratis.Kata kunci: Gizi; implementasi kebijakan; kesehatan anak; makanan sekolah; prestasi akademik