Pengaruh Beban Non-Linier dengan Harmonisa pada Sistem Kelistrikan Gedung Perkantoran terhadap Efisiensi dan Suhu Trafo Distribusi 2500 kVA dengan Simulasi Software ETAP (Studi Kasus PT Pamapersada Nusantara JIEP) - Prian Gagani Chamdareno; I Putu Arsa Adi Nugraha; Budiyanto Budiyanto (Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, 2026)
ABSTRAK Gedung perkantoran modern memiliki ketergantungan tinggi terhadap peralatan elektronik seperti sistem pendingin udara (AC), komputer, power converter, serta uninterruptible power supply (UPS). Peralatan tersebut umumnya tergolong beban non-linier yang menjadi penyebab utama timbulnya distorsi harmonisa pada sistem tenaga listrik. Distorsi harmonisa dapat menurunkan kualitas daya dan berdampak serius terhadap komponen vital, khususnya transformator distribusi. Efek negatif yang ditimbulkan antara lain penurunan efisiensi operasi, peningkatan suhu kerja, serta berpotensi memperpendek umur pakai transformator. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh beban non-linier dan harmonisa terhadap efisiensi serta kondisi termal transformator distribusi berkapasitas 2500 kVA di PT. Pamapersada Nusantara JIEP. Metodologi yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan kuantitatif melalui pengukuran langsung di lapangan serta simulasi berbasis perangkat lunak Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP). Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa pada kondisi beban puncak, total distorsi harmonisa arus (THDi) mencapai 21,07%, melebihi batas yang ditetapkan oleh standar IEEE 519-2014. Sementara itu, total distorsi tegangan (THDv) masih berada dalam kategori aman dengan nilai 0,99%. Tingginya THDi secara langsung meningkatkan rugi-rugi daya hingga 16,5 kVA dan menyebabkan kenaikan suhu transformator sebesar 54°C. Melalui simulasi, penerapan filter pasif single-tuned pada harmonisa orde ke-5 dan ke-7 terbukti mampu menurunkan THDi hingga 1,34% serta mengurangi rugi-rugi daya sebesar 70%. Dengan demikian, instalasi filter harmonisa dapat menjadi solusi efektif untuk meningkatkan efisiensi serta keandalan operasi transformator distribusi pada lingkungan gedung perkantoran modern. Kata Kunci : Beban Non-linier, Harmonisa, Transformator Distribusi, Efisiensi, ETAP ABSTRACT Modern office buildings are highly dependent on electronic equipment such as air conditioning (AC) systems, computers, power converters, and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) units. These devices generally represent nonlinear loads that serve as the main source of harmonic distortion in electrical systems. Harmonic distortion reduces power quality and poses significant negative impacts on critical components, particularly distribution transformers. The adverse effects include decreased operational efficiency, elevated operating temperature, and potential reduction of transformer lifespan. This study aims to analyze the influence of nonlinear loads and harmonics on the efficiency and thermal performance of a 2500 kVA distribution transformer at PT. Pamapersada Nusantara JIEP. The research methodology applied a quantitative approach through direct field measurements combined with simulation using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. Measurement results revealed that under peak load conditions, the total harmonic distortion of current (THDi) reached 21.07%, which significantly exceeds the IEEE 519-2014 standard. Meanwhile, total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDv) remained within safe limits at 0.99%. The high THDi value directly contributed to additional power losses of up to 16.5 kVA and caused an increase in transformer temperature by 54°C. Simulation results further demonstrated that the implementation of a single-tuned passive filter targeting the 5th and 7th harmonic orders was highly effective, reducing THDi to 1.34% and lowering power losses by approximately 70%. Therefore, the application of harmonic filters represents an effective solution to enhance efficiency and reliability of distribution transformer operation in modern office building environments. Keywords: Nonlinear Load, Harmonics, Distribution Transformer, Efficiency, ETAP