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INDONESIA
METANA
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
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Articles 7 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 20, No 1 (2024): Juni 2024" : 7 Documents clear
Potensi Dekarbonisasi Pembangkit Listrik Batubara Melalui Cofiring Biomassa Dan Carbon Capture Utilization Triani, Meiri; Anggoro, Didi Dwi; Yunianto, Vitus Dwi
METANA Vol 20, No 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v20i1.63102

Abstract

Dekarbonisasi sektor pembangkit listrik adalah langkah penting untuk mencapai pengurangan emisi karbon secara signifikan. Proses transisi energi di Indonesia dihadapkan pada tantangan bahwa bahan bakar fosil masih mendominasi kebutuhan pembangkit listrik. Studi ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis potensi dan tantangan upaya dekarbonisasi sistem pembangkitan listrik di Indonesia, terutama dalam pengembangan cofiring biomassa dan carbon capture utilization storage (CCUS) di masa mendatang dengan melakukan literature review terhadap berbagai publikasi yang relevan dari database science direct, serta laporan dan publikasi dari situs resmi organisasi (The International Energy Agency, Perusahaan Listrik Negara, Dewan Energi Nasional) yang terkait dengan fokus utama artikel ini. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa cofiring memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai inisiatif strategis untuk mempercepat pencapaian target proporsi energi terbarukan sebesar 23% pada tahun 2025, namun perlu peningkatan perhatian kepada pengembangan konsep penyediaan pasokan biomassa yang berkelanjutan. Di sisi lain implementasi teknologi CCUS perlu pertimbangan matang, dengan alasan faktor biaya yang tinggi dan tingkat pengembangan teknologi yang belum meluas.  One of the critical steps in significantly reducing carbon emissions is through decarbonization of the electricity sector. The high dependence of the electricity sector on fossil fuels is a critical challenge in the energy transition process in Indonesia. This study was conducted to analyze the potential and challenges of the decarbonization strategies for the electricity sector in Indonesia, especially for the future development of cofiring biomass and carbon capture utilization storage (CCUS), by conducting a literature review of various relevant publications from the science direct database, reports, and publications from the official website organizations (The International Energy Agency, Indonesian state-owned electricity company, National Energy Council) related to the main focus discussed in this article. The results show that cofiring has the potential to be developed as a strategic initiative in accelerating the achievement of a renewable energy mix of 23% by 2025. However, increased attention is needed to develop strategies for providing sustainable biomass supply. While implementing the CCUS project needs to be further consideration to be applied, primarily due to the high-cost factor and the level of technological development that has yet to be widespread. 
Karakteristik Sintesis Zeolit Dari Pemanfaatan Limbah Daun Nipah dan Alumunium Foil Bekas Jayana, Rena; Fadlilah, Ilma; Prasadi, Oto
METANA Vol 20, No 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v20i1.56805

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik zeolit sintesis dari pemanfaatan limbah daun nipah (Nypa frutycans wurmb) dan alumunium foil bekas. Berdasarkan hasil uji FTIR menunjukkan  Zeolit Sintesis Rasio 1 (ZSR-1) dan Zeolit Sintesis Rasio 2 (ZSR-2) telah memenuhi semua spektra pada daerah serapan indikator terbentuknya zeolit sintesis. Karakteristik zeolit sintesis berdasarkan SEM menunjukkan ZSR-1 masuk kategori zeolit NaX sedangkan ZSR-2 merupakan zeolit NaY. Hasil uji EDX menunjukkan ZSR-1 dan ZSR-2  merupakan jenis zeolit kaya akan alumunium dengan nilai rasio Si/Al 0,07 % untuk ZSR-1 serta 0,25 % untuk ZSR-2. Karateristik ZSR-2 lebih optimum jika dibandingkan ZSR-1. Hasil uji FTIR menunjukkan bahwa panjang gelombang ZSR-2 pada vibrasi ulur simetri internal O-Si-O/O-Al-O lebih tinggi yaitu 725,23 cm-1  jika dibandingkan ZSR-1 yang hanya 663,51 cm-1. Hal ini menunjukkan indikasi bahwa ZSR-2 memiliki rasio Si/Al lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan ZSR-1. Hal ini dikonfirmasi oleh hasil EDX yang menunjukkan hasil rasio Si/Al untuk ZSR-2 lebih besar yaitu 0,25 % jika dibandingkan rasio Si/Al dari ZSR-1 yang hanya 0,07 %. Hasil uji SEM menunjukkan Zeolit NaY (ZSR-2 berbentuk kubus) memiliki pori lebih besar dibandingkan zeolit NaX (ZSR-1 berbentuk tidak beraturan) serta pada temperatur tinggi zeolit NaY lebih stabil dan lebih aktif dibandingkan zeolit NaX.  The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of synthetic zeolite from the utilization of nipah leaf waste (Nypa frutycans wurmb) and used aluminum foil. Based on the results of the FTIR test, it was shown that the Synthetic Zeolite Ratio 1 (ZSR-1) and the Synthetic Zeolite Ratio 2 (ZSR-2) fulfilled all the spectra in the indicator absorption area for the formation of synthetic zeolite. The characteristics of synthetic zeolite based on SEM showed that ZSR-1 was categorized as NaX zeolite, while ZSR-2 was NaY zeolite. The results of the EDX test showed that ZSR-1 and ZSR-2 were types of zeolite rich in aluminum with a Si/Al ratio of 0.07% for ZSR-1 and 0.25% for ZSR-2. The characteristics of ZSR-2 are more optimum when compared to ZSR-1. The FTIR test results showed that the wavelength of ZSR-2 in the stretching vibration of internal symmetry O-Si-O/O-Al-O was higher, namely 725,23 cm-1 compared to ZSR-1 which was only 663,51 cm-1. This indicates that ZSR-2 has a higher Si/Al ratio than ZSR-1. This was confirmed by the EDX results which showed that the Si/Al ratio for ZSR-2 was greater, namely 0.25%, compared to the Si/Al ratio for ZSR-1 which was only 0.07%. SEM test results showed that NaY Zeolite (cuboid ZSR-2) has larger pores than NaX zeolite (ZSR-1 irregular shape) and at high temperatures NaY zeolite is more stable and more active than NaX zeolite.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Zeolit Alam Sebagai Katalis Pada Sintesa Solketal Dari Gliserol Dan Aseton Melalui Proses Ketalisasi Oko, Syarifuddin; Kurniawan, Andri; Saputra, Tori
METANA Vol 20, No 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v20i1.58422

Abstract

Seiring dengan semakin tumbuhnya industri biodiesel, maka produksi gliserol sebagai hasil samping industri biodiesel juga semakin meningkat. Produksi solketal merupakan salah satu langkah yang tepat untuk mengatasi limbah gliserol dalam jumlah besar, selain itu solketal juga digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pada bahan bakar minyak karena dapat menurunkan emisi partikulat, memperbaiki sifat aliran dingin, dan meningkatkan bilangan setana. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi katalis zeolit terhadap rendamen dan densitas pada sintesis solketal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat solketal dan menggunakan katalis zeolit. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah konsentrasi zeolit (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, dan 10%) dengan cara merefluks selama 12 jam sampai didapat solketal yang dihasilkan. Untuk mengetahui solketal yang dihasilkan dari pengaruh variasi konsentrasi zeolit yang ditambahkan maka dilakukan beberapa pengujian yaitu analisa rendamen dan densitas. Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh hasil solketal terbaik pada variasi konsentrasi katalis zeolit 4% dan dimana konsentrasi ini memiliki nilai densitas terbaik yaitu 1,0768 g/mL karena nilai ini mendekati nilai teoritis yaitu sebesar 1,06 g/mL dan memiliki rendamen sebesar 77,89%. Hasil yang teruji dengan FT-IR menunjukkan adanya gugus fungsi yang mengandung solketal.  Along with the growing biodiesel industry, the production of glycerol as a by-product of the biodiesel industry is also increasing. Solketal production is one of the right steps to deal with large amounts of glycerol waste, besides that solketal is also used as an additive to fuel oil because it can reduce particulate emissions, improve cold flow properties, and increase cetane number. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of zeolite catalyst concentration on the rendement and density of solketal synthesis. This research was conducted to make solketal and use a zeolite catalyst. The variation was the concentrations of zeolite (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) by refluxing for 12 hours until the resulting solketal was obtained. To determine the solketal produced from the effect of variations in the concentration of zeolite added, several tests were carried out, namely analysis of rendement and density. From the results of the study, the best solketal results were obtained at a variation of 4% zeolite catalyst concentration and where this concentration had the best density value of 1.0768 g/mL because this value was close to the theoretical value of 1.06 g/mL and had a yield of 77.89%. The results tested by FT-IR showed the presence of functional groups containing solketals.
The Effect of Acidity Level (pH) and Palm Sugar Sucrose Levels on the Quality of Brown Sugar Dali, Nasriadi; Chairunnas, Armadi; Amalia, Hilda Ayu Melvi; Puspitasari, Sri Ayu Andini
METANA Vol 20, No 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v20i1.57772

Abstract

Research on the effect of acidity level (pH) and sucrose levels of palm sugar has been successfully carried out. This study aims to determine the effect of acidity level (pH) and sucrose levels of palm sugar on the quality of brown sugar produced. The level of acidity (pH) of palm sugar is set at pH (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). The quality of brown sugar is divided into three categories, namely quality 1 (high), 2 (moderate), and 3 (low). The sucrose content of palm sugar at pH (3 – 7) was determined by the Luff Schoorl method. The quality of brown sugar was determined organoleptically. The results of determining the sucrose content of palm sugar by Luff Schoorl method at pH (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) were respectively (11.30, 12.25, 14.17, 15.10 and 16.42%). The results of organoleptic determination of brown sugar quality showed that: (1) palm sugar with sucrose content of 11.30% (pH 3) and 12.25% (pH 4) produced low quality brown sugar; (2) palm sugar with sucrose content of 14.17% (pH 5) and 15.10% (pH 6) produced medium quality brown sugar; (3) palm sugar with a sucrose content of 16.42% (pH 7) produces high quality brown sugar. So, the level of acidity (pH) and sucrose levels of palm sugar affect the quality of brown sugar. The lower the pH and sucrose content of palm sugar, the lower the quality of the brown sugar produced. Conversely, the higher the pH and sucrose content of palm sugar, the higher the quality of the brown sugar produced. Therefore, the quality of palm sugar needs to be maintained so that the pH and sucrose content do not decrease so that the brown sugar produced is of high quality. The results of testing the quality of brown sugar based on SNI-01-3743-1995 show that brown sugar produced from palm sugar at pH 5 – 7 meets SNI requirements. Meanwhile, brown sugar produced from palm sugar at pH 3 and 4 does not meet SNI requirements.
Pembuatan Yoghurt Bubuk Susu Kedelai (Glycine max L.Meriil) Menggunakan Metode Foam Mat Drying dengan Penambahan Maltodekstrin Sebagai Bahan Penyalut Hayati, Rihma Nur; Rohmah, Isyqi Aulia; Sa'adah, Khoirus; Hikmawati, Septiani Nurul; Muflihati, Iffah
METANA Vol 20, No 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v20i1.58805

Abstract

Susu kedelai merupakan produk dari protein nabati yaitu sari kacang kedelai yang dapat diolah lebih lanjut menjadi produk fermentasi berupa yoghurt namun masa simpan relatif rendah apabila disimpan disuhu ruang. Metode pengeringan merupakan metode yang sesuai untuk memperpanjang umur simpan yoghurt susu kedelai. Salah satu metode pengeringan yang dapat menghasilkan produk tersebut adalah foam mat drying. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menentukan pengaruh konsentrasi maltodekstrin dan tween 80 terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia, mikrobiologi dan sensoris yoghurt bubuk susu kedelai. Tahapan awal pembuatan yoghurt bubuk susu kedelai dilakukan dengan proses fermentasi susu kedelai, kemudian dilanjutkan metode pengeringan dengan penambahan tween 80 dan maltodekstrin. Langkah selanjutnya yaitu proses pengeringan menggunakan metode foam mat drying. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan tween 80 dan maltodekstrin dapat menurunkan kadar air, TAT, nilai a* dan nilai b*, namun dapat meningkatkan kadar protein, kadar lemak, nilai L*, dan total mikroba. Penambahan tween 80 dan maltodekstrin tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap warna kuning, warna putih, rasa manis, rasa asam, aroma yoghurt, dan aroma kedelai berdasarkan uji sensoris. Soy milk is a product of vegetable protein, namely soy bean juice, which can be further processed into a fermented product in the form of yoghurt, but its shelf life is relatively low when stored at room temperature. The drying method is a suitable method to extend the shelf life of soy milk yoghurt. One drying method that can produce this product is foam mat drying. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of maltodextrin and tween 80 concentrations on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of soy milk powdered yoghurt. The initial stage of making soy milk powdered yoghurt is carried out using the soy milk fermentation process, then followed by the drying method with the addition of Tween 80 and maltodextrin. The next step is the drying process using the foam mat drying method. The results showed that increasing tween 80 and maltodextrin could reduce water content, TAT, a* value and b* value, but could increase protein content, fat content, L* value and total microbes. The addition of tween 80 and maltodextrin had no effect on yellow color, white color, sweet taste, sour taste, yoghurt aroma and soybean aroma based on sensory tests. 
Pengaruh Suhu Terhadap Difusivitas dan Konstanta Kecepatan Reaksi Transesterifikasi In-Situ Produksi Biodiesel Amelia, Nikma Azrul; Mustikaningrum, Mega
METANA Vol 20, No 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v20i1.59022

Abstract

Biodiesel merupakan bahan bakar yang dapat diperbarui dengan manfaatnya sebagai pengganti diesel/solar dengan keunggulan emisi gas buang yang jauh lebih baik. Pada penelitian kali ini dilakukan reaksi transesterifikasi in-situ produksi biodiesel berbasis biji mahoni. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh perbedaan suhu pada hasil yield biodiesel serta menentukan nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi ekstraktif dan difusivitas ekstraksi reaktif biodiesel. Metode transesterifikasi in situ dijalankan dengan rasio bahan baku dan metanol ( 1:101,39), bahan baku dan tetrahidrofuran (1:67,85), dan rasio NaOH sebesar 4% dari berat bahan baku. Dari hasil penelitian, yield biodiesel terbaik didapatkan pada suhu 30°C dengan 87,3%. Sementara itu, nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi dan difusivitas bervariasi pada suhu 10°C, 20°C, dan 30°C. Pada suhu 30°C, konstanta kecepatan reaksi adalah 0,063 dm3/mol.menit dan nilai difusivitas untuk berbagai komponen seperti metanol, minyak nabati, metil ester, dan gliserol adalah 2 x 10-10 ; 2 x 10-10 ; 7,18 x 10-9 ; dan 1 x 10-10 dm3/menit.  Biodiesel is a renewable fuel with the benefit of being a substitute for diesel with the advantage of much better exhaust emissions. In this research, an in-situ transesterification reaction was carried out for the production of biodiesel based on mahogany seeds. This research aims to assess the effect of temperature differences on the biodiesel yield and determine the reaction rate of extractive and the diffusivity of reactive biodiesel extraction. The In-Situ Transesterification method was carried out with the ratio of raw material to methanol (1:101.39), raw material to tetrahydrofuran (1:67.85), and a NaOH ratio of 4% of the raw material weight. From the research results, the best biodiesel yield was obtained at a temperature of 30°C with 87.3%. Meanwhile, the reaction rate constant and diffusivity values vary at temperatures of 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C. At a temperature of 30°C, the reaction rate constant is 0.063 dm3/mol.minute, and the diffusivity values for various components such as methanol, vegetable oil, methyl ester, and glycerol are 2 x 10-10 ; 2 x 10-10 ; 7.18 x 10-9 ; and 1 x 10-10 dm3/minute, respectively. 
Analisis Minyak Terpentin Hasil Penyulingan di Pabrik Gondorukem dan Terpentin Sindangwangi Rosalinda, S.; Sumirat, Riska
METANA Vol 20, No 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v20i1.61287

Abstract

Minyak terpentin merupakan salah satu komonitas ekspor yang potensial. Minyak terpentin yang diperoleh dari getah pinus merkusii mengandung α-Pinene yang digunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi. Pentingnya peranan minyak terpentin dalam berbagai industri dipengaruhi oleh kualitasnya khususnya komponen kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi komponen kimia minyak terpentin dan kualitasnya di Pabrik Gondorukem dan Terpentin (PGT) Sindangwangi Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental laboratorium dengan analisis deskriptif dan studi literatur pada jurnal terakreditasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 12-16 komponen terpentin teridentifikasi. Komponen kimia minyak terpentin terdiri dari α-Pinena, Kamfena, β-Pinena, β-Mirsena, Dihidro-4-karena, δ-Karena, Simol, Limonena, γ-Terpinena, α-Terpinolena, α-Pinena oksida, Thujol dan Verbenol α-Tujen, β-Palandrena, Cinema, dan Humulena. Selain itu, terpentin memiliki bau yang khas, berwarna transparan, dan kandungan α-pinene sebesar 83,28%, massa jenis 0,888 Kg/m3 dan VOC 1,07%.   Turpentine oil is one of the potential export commodities in Indonesia. Turpentine oil obtained from the sap of Pinus merkusii contains α-pinene, which is used for various applications. The important role of turpentine oil in various industries is influenced by its quality, especially the chemical components. This study aims to identify the chemical components of turpentine oil and its quality at the Sindangwangi Gondorukem and Turpentine Factory (PGT), West Java. This research used a laboratory experimental method with descriptive analysis and a literature study in accredited journals. The results showed that 11–14 turpentine components were identified. The chemical components of turpentine oil consist of α-Pinene, Kamfena, β-Pinene, β-Mirsena, Dihydro-4-carene, δ-Carene, Simol, Limonena, γ-Terpinene, α-Terpinolene, α-Pinene oxide, Thujol and Verbenol, α-Tujen, β-Palandrena, Cinema, and Humulena. In addition, turpentine oil has a distinctive odor, transparency, and α-pinene content of 83.28%, a density of 0.888 kg/m3, and a VOC of 1.07%.

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