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All Journal Teknosains: Media Informasi Sains dan Teknologi Jurnal Sisfokom (Sistem Informasi dan Komputer) Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems
Indasari, Sri Suci
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Physics

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Journal : Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems

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Comparison of Efficiency 3D Rendering Methods for Augmented Reality: A Case Study of SRP, URP, and Light Estimation on a Mobile Device Indasari, Sri Suci; Achmad Zulfajri Syaharuddin; Nurhikmayana Janna; Irmawati
Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems Vol 6, No 2 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Komputer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59562/jessi.v6i2.8400

Abstract

This study examines the efficiency of 3D rendering methods in the development of Augmented Reality (AR) applications, which significantly impact visual quality, response speed, and device resource consumption. The main objective of this research is to analyze and compare three commonly used rendering methods in AR development: Standard Render Pipeline (SRP), Universal Render Pipeline (URP), and Light Estimation. Data collection was conducted through the implementation of an AR prototype application featuring two 3D objects (Earth and Mars), followed by testing the render latency for each method. The results showed that all three methods produced the same latency time of 0.03 seconds on a high-specification device. These findings suggest that, under the given testing conditions, the choice of rendering method has no significant impact on rendering latency. However, overall efficiency may still be influenced by other factors such as lighting conditions, hardware specifications, and marker quality.
Automatic Floor Stain Detection with Image Processing: A Practical Comparison of OpenCV and RGB Grayscale Conversion: Deteksi Noda Lantai Otomatis dengan Pemrosesan Citra: Komparasi Praktikal OpenCV dan Grayscale RGB Syaharuddin, Achmad Zulfajri; Indasari, Sri Suci; Janna, Nurhikmayana; Hilmi, Andi Afdhal
Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems Vol 6, No 4 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Komputer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59562/jessi.v6i4.9805

Abstract

This research develops an image processing-based floor stain detection system using grayscale conversion and binary thresholding. Two conversion approaches are compared: (i) a simple RGB grayscale formula and (ii) a built-in OpenCV function. The system uses a fixed intensity threshold of T=80 and classifies a floor as “dirty” if the detected area exceeds 20% of the image. Experiments are conducted on three floor types (plain, dark, patterned), five stain types (coffee, oil, ink, plastic, chalk), and two lighting conditions. Results show that the performance of both methods is very close with an average difference of ≈0.07% and a maximum of 0.6%; the simple formula is suitable for resource-limited devices, while OpenCV is more robust to color/lighting variations. The main contributions of this paper are (1) a practical comparison of two grayscale conversion pathways for cleanliness monitoring, (2) a simple decision rule based on the percentage of dirty area that aligns with cleanliness perception, and (3) an analysis of implementation implications for real-time systems in cleaning robots/IoT. Future directions include adaptive thresholding and morphology integration to improve reliability in dynamic environments. (Replace the current abstract paragraph containing T=80 and the 20% rule with the version above. The 20% policy reference is already explained in your manuscript).
Co-Authors Achmad Zulfajri Syaharuddin Akib, Faisal Aris Tjahyanto Hilmi, Andi Afdhal Irmawati Janna, Nurhikmayana Nurhikmayana Janna Syaharuddin, Achmad Zulfajri Yusuf, Farida