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Suhaila Sepeai, Suhaila
Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor
Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering

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Journal : international journal of renewable energy development

 1 
Combined study to explore planar-mixed dimensional Cs3Bi2I9 solar cells Zulhafizhazuan, Wan; Bin Rafiq, Md Khan Sobayel; Shafian, Shafidah; Sepeai, Suhaila; Ibrahim, Mohd Adib
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 2 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60642

Abstract

The development of high-efficiency solar cells is of paramount importance for advancing sustainable energy technologies and meeting global energy demands. This study focuses on the optoelectronic performance of FTO/TiO2/Cs3Bi2I9/Spiro-OMeATAD/Ag planar heterojunction solar cells. Through detailed analysis, we investigated various factors such as crystallite size, strain, dislocation density, and their collective influence on the overall performance of the solar cells. Among the fabricated samples, sample A3 exhibited a significant improvement in efficiency, showing a 0.72% enhancement over the others. This increase is attributed to A3's superior crystallite quality, which led to reduced strain and a lower density of dislocations. These properties contribute to minimizing non-radiative recombination losses and enhancing charge carrier mobility, both of which are crucial for maximizing the photovoltaic performance of the device. These factors bring A3 closer to the theoretical Shockley-Queisser  (S-Q) efficiency limit, a benchmark for photovoltaic performance. Further analysis using SCAPS-1D simulations supported these experimental findings, demonstrating the significance of optimizing critical parameters such as the minority carrier lifetime. The simulations revealed that high losses in short-circuit current density (JSC) were a primary limiting factor in performance, emphasizing the need for careful tuning of these parameters to reduce losses. This work highlights the critical role of precise material engineering in developing highly efficient perovskite solar cells. The study not only provides insights into the structural and electronic properties essential for performance enhancement but also underscores the potential of Cs3Bi2I9 as a promising material for photovoltaic applications. The findings offer valuable guidance for the next generation of high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and lead-free perovskite solar cells, aligning with global efforts to transition to clean, renewable energy sources.
Electrical and morphological variations with sintering temperature of electron transport layer in perovskite solar cell Abd Mutalib, Muhazri; Ahmad Ludin, Norasikin; Barrioz, Vincent; Sepeai, Suhaila; Su’ait, Mohd Sukor; Mustaffa, Muhammad Ubaidah Syafiq; Chelvanathan, Puvaneswaran
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 4 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60813

Abstract

The typical PSCs essentially made up of electron transporting material (compact and mesoporous), perovskite absorber layer and hole transporting material. The compact TiO2 primary function is allow the movement of photogenerated electron to the device circuit from the active layer and to block the photogenerated holes from recombination at TCO substrate. Mesoporous TiO2 mainly functions to receive the photogenerated charge from the perovskite absorber and enable thicker formation of perovskite absorber due to the voids in the TiO2 mesoscopic framework. Many studies have implemented 500 ℃ as the standard in sintering the TiO2 layer. However, the effects of sintering temperature of ETL TiO2 have never been systematically described in terms of morphology and photoelectrochemical properties.  In this manuscript, we have studied the morphological and photoelectrochemical properties of ETM TiO2 thin film prepared at different sintering temperature. Spin coated TiO2 layers were examined using X-ray Diffraction for crystal structure and phase identification, FESEM for morphological analysis, UV-Vis Spectroscopy for optical absorbance and transmittance of light and PEC test for LSV, EIS and TPC analyses. Surface roughness was not a major influencing factor of photocurrent density rather than the anatase phase of the TiO2 thin film is more important. It was revealed that at 500 ℃, the TiO2 thin film possess the highest photocurrent density with good stability and lowest charge transfer and series resistance. Higher sintering temperature of 550 ℃, would introduce lattice defects in the TiO2 thin film which will reduce photocurrent density and increase resistance. This work offers a systematic evaluation of the ETL in terms of morphological and photoelectrochemical properties, which can be applied when selecting suitable material for ETL in perovskite solar devices.
Optimised PCBM electron transport layer in inverted lead-free Cs3Bi2I9 flexible perovskite solar cells via FIRA Goje, Adamu Ahmed; Ludin, Norasikin Ahmad; Syafiq, Ubaidah; Su’ait, Mohd Sukor; Sepeai, Suhaila; Chelvanathan, Puvaneswaran; Davies, Matthew
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 4 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60629

Abstract

Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) offer significant versatility for portable and wearable technologies owing to their light weight, easy fabrication, low cost, and bendable properties. However, the commercialization of FPSCs faces challenges, particularly in terms of electron extraction efficiency and charge recombination, which impact device stability. Traditional high-temperature annealing methods are impractical for FPSCs due to their high energy consumption and environmental concerns. This study introduces a novel approach using flash infrared annealing (FIRA) to optimize a [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron transport layer (ETL) for lead-free cesium bismuth iodide (Cs₃Bi₂I₉) FPSC fabrication. The optimal FIRA conditions, 500 watts of power, PCBM concentration of 0.135 mol/L, and a 2-second annealing time were determined to enhance electron extraction, reduce charge recombination, and improve the overall device efficiency. Characterisation techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirmed these optimisations. The optimised device achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.08%. By optimising the PCBM ETL FIRA, the PCE of lead-free Cs₃Bi₂I₉ FPSC was enhanced from 0.10% to 1.08%, representing a good improvement, along with a significant enhancement in electron extraction. These findings highlight the potential of optimised PCBM layers to improve the performance of FPSCs and contribute to their commercial viability.
Co-Authors Abd Mutalib, Muhazri Ahmad Ludin, Norasikin Barrioz, Vincent Bin Rafiq, Md Khan Sobayel Chelvanathan, Puvaneswaran Davies, Matthew Goje, Adamu Ahmed Ibrahim, Mohd Adib Ludin, Norasikin Ahmad Mustaffa, Muhammad Ubaidah Syafiq Shafian, Shafidah Su’ait, Mohd Sukor Syafiq, Ubaidah Zulhafizhazuan, Wan