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All Journal Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Aluko, Ebenezer Olanrewaju
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Chemistry

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Antibacterial Activity of Residual Seeds and Pods of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) After Pigment Extraction Aluko, Ebenezer Olanrewaju; Adetuyi, Abayomi Olagundoye; Omotoso, Ezekiel
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.22354

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated that annatto seeds contain a variety of metabolites with antimicrobial properties. Correspondingly, this research investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds, pods, and their combination. As part of a strategy to convert waste into valuable resources, this study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of residual extracts derived from annatto seeds and pods. Ethanol extracts of pigment-extracted annatto seeds, pods, and their mixture were tested against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis using the agar well diffusion method. Streptomycin and ampicillin (10 mg/mL each) served as positive controls, while an ethanol-water mixture (1:1) served as the negative control. All three extracts exhibited varying activity levels against the tested bacteria. They were most effective against B. subtilis, with inhibition zones measuring 11.5 ± 0.5 mm, 14.5 ± 0.5 mm, and 23.5 ± 0.5 mm for the seed, pod, and seed-pod extract mixture, respectively. In contrast, they exhibited the least activity against E. coli, with inhibition zones of 6.0 ± 2.0 mm, 5.5 ± 1.5 mm, and 11.0 ± 0.0 mm for the respective extracts. Post-hoc Tukey's test revealed that the combination of seed and pod extracts demonstrated significantly higher antimicrobial activity than the individual extracts (p < 0.001) against all tested organisms. Notably, the combined extract demonstrated comparable activity to ampicillin against B. subtilis (p > 0.05) and significantly higher activity than streptomycin (p < 0.001) against all tested strains except S. aureus. The pronounced antimicrobial efficacy of the seed and pod extracts, especially when combined, contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the potential of Bixa orellana as a natural antimicrobial agent effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibacterial Activity of Residual Seeds and Pods of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) After Pigment Extraction Aluko, Ebenezer Olanrewaju; Adetuyi, Abayomi Olagundoye; Omotoso, Ezekiel
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.22354

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated that annatto seeds contain a variety of metabolites with antimicrobial properties. Correspondingly, this research investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds, pods, and their combination. As part of a strategy to convert waste into valuable resources, this study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of residual extracts derived from annatto seeds and pods. Ethanol extracts of pigment-extracted annatto seeds, pods, and their mixture were tested against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis using the agar well diffusion method. Streptomycin and ampicillin (10 mg/mL each) served as positive controls, while an ethanol-water mixture (1:1) served as the negative control. All three extracts exhibited varying activity levels against the tested bacteria. They were most effective against B. subtilis, with inhibition zones measuring 11.5 ± 0.5 mm, 14.5 ± 0.5 mm, and 23.5 ± 0.5 mm for the seed, pod, and seed-pod extract mixture, respectively. In contrast, they exhibited the least activity against E. coli, with inhibition zones of 6.0 ± 2.0 mm, 5.5 ± 1.5 mm, and 11.0 ± 0.0 mm for the respective extracts. Post-hoc Tukey's test revealed that the combination of seed and pod extracts demonstrated significantly higher antimicrobial activity than the individual extracts (p < 0.001) against all tested organisms. Notably, the combined extract demonstrated comparable activity to ampicillin against B. subtilis (p > 0.05) and significantly higher activity than streptomycin (p < 0.001) against all tested strains except S. aureus. The pronounced antimicrobial efficacy of the seed and pod extracts, especially when combined, contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the potential of Bixa orellana as a natural antimicrobial agent effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS, MINERAL, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RESIDUAL SEEDS AND PODS OF PIGMENT EXTRACTED ANNATTO (BIXA ORELLANA L.) Aluko, Ebenezer Olanrewaju; Adetuyi, Abayomi Olagundoye; Omotoso, Ezekiel
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i1.22353

Abstract

In natural dye extraction, plant residues are often discarded, raising environmental and sustainable practices concerns. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the nutrient, mineral, and phytochemical profiles of residual seeds and pods from Bixa orellana after pigment extraction for the purpose of waste management. Proximate analysis revealed significant differences between seeds and pods in moisture, ash, protein, crude fibre, and carbohydrate contents, while fat content showed no significant variation. The seeds contained moisture (6.32±0.10%), ash (4.10±0.29%), crude fat (4.10±0.08%), crude protein (16.31±0.04%), crude fibre (11.67±0.10%), and carbohydrates (57.48±0.50%), while the corresponding values for the pods were 9.05±0.03%, 3.40±0.21%, 4.35±0.11%, 10.52±0.04%, 41.63±0.20%, and 31.05±0.15%, respectively. Mineral analysis showed high concentrations of magnesium (12.003 mg/g) in seeds and calcium (52.011 mg/g) in pods, while chromium was absent in seeds but detected in pods (0.002 mg/g). Phytochemical analysis revealed alkaloids as the most abundant compound in both seeds (8.9±1.6 mg/g) and pods (7.2±0.4 mg/g), while flavonoids were the least (1.8±0.1 mg/g and 1.3±0.1 mg/g, respectively). ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proximate, mineral and phytochemical compositions, highlighting the nutritional and bioactive potential of both seeds and pods residues. These findings suggest that residual seeds and pods of Bixa orellana are valuable, rich in nutrients and minerals resources with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, promoting waste valorization and sustainability.
Co-Authors Adetuyi, Abayomi Olagundoye Omotoso, Ezekiel