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Awad, Riad Salim
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Arts Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Journal : Journal of Islamic Architecture

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Religious and Cultural Dimensions Reflections in Levantine Schools Architecture During the Zengid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Periods Awad, Riad Salim
Journal of Islamic Architecture Vol 8, No 3 (2025): Journal of Islamic Architecture
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Maliki Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/jia.v8i3.25934

Abstract

The cities of the Levant, especially the cities of Damascus and Aleppo, witnessed the construction of hundreds of schools from the Zengid era to the Mamluk era. These schools are considered stand-alone urban cultural monuments, so this study aims to shed light on this historical urban edifice and research its religious and cultural dimensions that were reflected in its various urban elements. Those elements are the dome, the minaret, the decorations, muqarnas, symbols that adorned its walls, the pulpit (Minbar), Al-Mihrab, a description of the school courtyards and study halls (Iwan) overlooking them, and other urban elements such as libraries, the kitchen, and bathrooms. Then, in describing these urban elements, the study adopted an analysis approach for each element separately in order to know the dimensions that were reflected in the employees working in the school and the students enrolled there. The most important result reached by the study points out that these urban elements reflected several important dimensions of the school, including religious dimensions that changed the function of the school as a scientific institution and made it a religious and scientific institution at the same time. Urban elements left administrative dimensions on the school’s administrative and organizational structure as they imposed on the school’s administrative officials to appoint administrative employees in addition to the teachers who work in these schools. The other urban elements left psychological consequences on the school’s staff and students enrolled there.
The Private Levantine Zengid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Cemeteries: A Study According to the Islamic and Social Perspective Awad, Riad Salim
Journal of Islamic Architecture Vol 8, No 4 (2025): Journal of Islamic Architecture
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Maliki Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/jia.v8i4.28801

Abstract

The cities of the Levant, such as Damascus, Jerusalem (Al-Quds), and Aleppo, witnessed the widespread construction of private tombs for the sultans and emirs of the Zengid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk dynasties, as well as for prominent members of Levantine society, including religious figures and merchants. This study examines the symbolism of these tombs as a cultural intersection between religion and society by analyzing their architectural elements and describing their designs, which range from simple to grand. It also examines the Islamic legal stance on its components, based on the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as recorded in the recognized Hadith collections of Sunni Muslims. Additionally, the study aims to highlight the social customs associated with these tombs and their reflection of cultural perspectives and perceptions of death. It investigates whether the community neglected these tombs, causing them to fade with time, or whether they were preserved as witnesses to civilization. One of the most important findings of the study is that the word "soil" (Turba), which means "private cemetery," has become synonymous among Levantines with "mosque," "school," "library," and "orphanage." So, the concept of private Levantine cemeteries has evolved from a deserted place inhabited by the dead, shrouded in sadness and fear, to a vibrant, life-filled place where the living coexist with the dead, offering a sense of joy and hope. The private Levantine cemeteries supported the Islamic scientific movement; they became icons embodying the art of Islamic material civilization and served as centers of Islamic intellectual civilization.
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