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Meta-Analysis: The Impact of Product, Price, Place, and Promotion on Patient Satisfaction Hafida, Salsabilla Luthfiana Ayu; Hastuti, Rela; Murti, Bhisma; Handayani, Anggun Fitri
Journal of Health Policy and Management Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/thejhpm.2025.10.01.10

Abstract

Background: A component of effective health care is measuring patient satisfaction. Satisfaction helps in the evaluation of health services from the patient's perspective. In order to compete globally, hospitals need to consider marketing strategies that emphasize understanding customer needs, wants and demands. One of the most common and widely applied marketing concepts in this context is the marketing mix, which includes four main elements, namely product, place, promotion and price. This research aims to estimate the magnitude of the influence of the marketing mix (4P) which includes product, price, place and promotion on patient satisfaction. Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis studies with PICO research questions. Population = general patients. Intervention = high product quality, high promotion, long distance and high price. Comparison = low product quality, lack of promotion, close distance to facilities, and low price. Out­come= Patient satisfaction. Data obtained from Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus and ScienceDirect, with the keywords "Product for patient satisfaction" OR "Promotion for patient satisfaction" OR "Price for patient satisfaction" OR "Place for patient satisfaction" AND "Marketing patient satisfaction" OR "Marketing mix patient satisfaction” AND aOR. The effect size used was the Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) from multivariate analysis. Data analysis using the Review Manager 5.3 application. Results: This meta-analysis was carried out on 20 primary studies with a cross-sectional design, originating from Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia and Ghana. The sample size was 14,388 people. The meta-analysis results show that patient satisfaction increases with high product quality and is statistically significant (aOR= 2.23; CI 95%= 1.54 to 3.23; p<0.001) and good promotion, although not statistically significant (aOR= 1.42; CI 95 %= 0.75 to 2.71; p= 0.280). Patient satisfaction decreases with distance to a health facility (aOR= 0.55; 95% CI= 0.35 to 0.86; p= 0.009) and high price (aOR= 0.56; 95% CI= 0.38 to 0.81; p= 0.002). Conclusion: Patient satisfaction increases with high product quality and good promotions. Patient satisfaction decreases with distance to the facility and high prices.
PENGARUH ISOMETRIC HANDGRIP EXERCISE TERHADAP PERUBAHAN TEKANAN DARAH PADA LANSIA PENDERITA HIPERTENSI Hariyadi; Ayu Ananda Prianita, Elen; Hastuti, Rela; Suhartiningsih, Sri
Jurnal Biogenerasi Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): April - Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Cokroaminoto Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30605/33v6tn26

Abstract

Hypertension or high blood pressure is one of the main health problems in the elderly that risks reducing the quality of life and increasing morbidity and mortality. Hypertension management efforts can be done pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically, one of which is by doing isometric handgrip exercise. This study aims to determine the effect of isometric handgrip exercise and its frequency on changes in blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension in X Village, Madiun Regency. This type of research uses a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design approach. The population of this study was elderly people with hypertension in X Village, Madiun Regency. The sample amounted to 18 respondents selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by measuring blood pressure before and after being given isometric handgrip exercise intervention for 5 consecutive days, then analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results showed that the average systolic blood pressure before the intervention was 151.67 mmHg and after the intervention became 133.33 mmHg, while the average diastolic blood pressure before the intervention was 91.67 mmHg and after the intervention became 77.78 mmHg. The results of the Wilcoxon test obtained a ρ-value = 0.000 (p < 0.05), which means there is a significant effect of isometric handgrip exercise on changes in blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension. This study shows that isometric handgrip exercise is effective in lowering blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension. This exercise can be used as a simple, safe, inexpensive, and easy to do non-pharmacological intervention independently at home.