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All Journal Journal of Computer Science, Information Technology and Telecommunication Engineering (JCoSITTE) PERFECT: Journal of Smart Algorithms
Darroudi, Ali
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Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Library & Information Science

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Journal : PERFECT: Journal of Smart Algorithms

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From Static to Contextual: A Survey of Embedding Advances in NLP Alkaabi, Hussein; Jasim, Ali Kadhim; Darroudi, Ali
PERFECT: Journal of Smart Algorithms Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): PERFECT: Journal of Smart Algorithms, Article Research July 2025
Publisher : LEMBAGA KAJIAN PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN DAN LINGKUNGAN (LKPPL)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62671/perfect.v2i2.77

Abstract

Embedding techniques have been a cornerstone of Natural Language Processing (NLP), enabling machines to represent textual data in a form that captures semantic and syntactic relationships. Over the years, the field has witnessed a significant evolution—from static word embeddings, such as Word2Vec and GloVe, which represent words as fixed vectors, to dynamic, contextualized embeddings like BERT and GPT, which generate word representations based on their surrounding context. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of embedding techniques, tracing their development from early methods to state-of-the-art approaches. We discuss the strengths and limitations of each paradigm, their applications across various NLP tasks, and the challenges they address, such as polysemy and out-of-vocabulary words. Furthermore, we highlight emerging trends, including multimodal embeddings, domain-specific representations, and efforts to mitigate embedding bias. By synthesizing the advancements in this rapidly evolving field, this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners while identifying open challenges and future directions for embedding research in NLP.
Co-Authors Alkaabi, Hussein Alkaabi, Hussein Ala'a Jasim, Ali Kadhim