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Kadhim, Halah Hashim
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Quantitative Easing and Economic Stimulus Policies: Potential Benefiting from Them in Iraq Kadhim, Halah Hashim; Dakhel, Alaa Abbas
International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development (IJEFSD) Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development (IJEFSD
Publisher : Research Parks Publishers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31149/ijefsd.v7i4.5513

Abstract

Quantitative easing is an unconventional monetary policy used by some central banks to stimulate the local economy. The central bank prints a predetermined amount of money that will be used to purchase government bonds or financial assets to increase liquidity, this increases the excess reserves of the banking system, increases the prices of the financial assets that were purchased, and reduces their size. Banks are also forced to lower the interest rate, which leads to increased borrowing in the country and thus stimulates the economy. This policy is usually used when normal methods of controlling the money supply fail, that is, when the bank interest rate, discount rate, and interbank interest rate are at or near zero. Through its mandate, the Central Bank of Iraq seeks to support the development process and stimulate economic growth in Iraq by supporting the liquidity of specialized banks with financial initiatives that enable them to provide industrial, agricultural, and housing loans to support economic activity and create job opportunities. It also provides financial initiatives to private commercial banks to finance small and medium-sized enterprises, the bank has taken several steps and provided facilities, including banking facilities through rescheduling bank loans to the private sector, particularly those owed by small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as extending the repayment period for existing and future loans , Continuing to support real activities through the lending policy adopted by the Central Bank and in cooperation with banks operating in Iraq to drive development.
Green Finance As A Tool To Support The Transition To A Sustainable Economy In Developing Countries Kadhim, Halah Hashim
International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development (IJEFSD
Publisher : Research Parks Publishers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31149/ijefsd.v8i1.5603

Abstract

Green finance is a financial service and product which is designed specifically to fund green projects and investments impacting positively on the environment including renewable energy projects, sustainable transportation, and efficient water and waste management, and green buildings. It is a qualitative change in the classic financial thought, as it incorporates the aspects of environmental concerns environmental and social considerations are included in the investment decision-making standards. The developing countries are most challenged, they bear the brunt of the climate changes even though they have the least contribution to the historical emissions and they have a huge funding gap estimated at over one trillion dollars per annum to implement the climate adaptation and mitigation projects and the actual flow of funding does not exceed with $100 billion per annum and international green finance is one of the strategic tools to close this gap and finance the shift of a sustainable economy balancing economic growth, social justice, and the preservation of the natural resources that will serve future generations. A complex web of international sources of green finance, multilateral sources, including IMF green Climate Fund, World Bank Group, regional development banks, including African and Asian Development Banks, specialized funds and bilateral financing by the developed countries is of great benefit to developing countries as it provides a way of great economic diversification, green employment, and transfer of clean technologies, but the difficulties of the developing countries lie in the fact that the structure is not well developed to fully utilize it, the most significant of which are weaknesses in the institutional and legislative frameworks, limited depth of domestic financial markets, technical capabilities, and high Thus, enabling the role of green finance will entail the incorporation of facilitating economic policies constructing the requisite regulatory frameworks, localization of the financial market, and empowering of the partnerships between governments and the business sector is needed to secure the intended transformation into more sustainable and sustainable economies amidst global climatic predicaments.