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All Journal Civil Engineering Journal
Khassaf, Saleh I.
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Journal : Civil Engineering Journal

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Statistical Analyses of the Euphrates River Entry and Hydrological Drought Assessment (SDI) Hussein, Zainab; Khassaf, Saleh I.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-04

Abstract

The Euphrates River, a vital water resource in Iraq, has seen a marked decline in flow over the past two decades due to climate change and upstream interventions. The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of changing rainfall patterns and temperature on the river's water balance, flow regime, and drought index. Results show an annual rainfall decline of 0.15 mm, while maximum and minimum temperatures increased annually by 0.086°C and 0.066°C, respectively, according to the Mann-Kendall trend and Sen’s slope tests. Monthly rainfall generally decreased, except for slight increases in April (0.32 mm) and October (0.018 mm). July 2017 and August 2003 saw peak temperatures of 45.1°C, while January 2008 recorded a minimum of -1.8°C. The box-and-whisker plot revealed high rainfall variability in November and February. River flow dropped by 41%, mainly due to the Turkish GAP project and climate impacts. HEC-DSS software analyzed flow duration over 32 years, and Pearson’s correlation showed low associations between flow rate and temperature (-0.36) and rainfall (0.29). The Drinc program was utilized to calculate the Standardized Drought Index, which identified that the water year 1987–1988 was very wet, while it detected severe droughts in 2014–2015 and 2021–2022. Overall, climate change and upstream dam construction have significantly reduced Euphrates River discharges, intensifying drought conditions in the region. The long-term changes in precipitation and air temperature in the study area support the observed streamflow trends. The findings of this study demonstrate that a cooperative approach to international water management between the riparian states is crucial.
Seepage Control in Zoned Earth Dams Using Lime–Fly Ash Treated Sandy Soil Madhloom, Ali M.; Al-Kifae, Abdulaziz A.; Khassaf, Saleh I.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-04

Abstract

Seepage control is a critical factor in ensuring the stability of earth dams, particularly those constructed with permeable soils. Uncontrolled seepage and increased pore pressures within the dam body are typically associated with instability, internal erosion, and potential failure. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of lime–fly ash mixtures in controlling seepage through earth dams constructed with sandy soil, using experimental modelling and numerical simulation. A physical model of a zoned earth dam was built using untreated sandy soil as the control model, along with treated models in which the sandy core was stabilized with progressively higher lime–fly ash proportions. The results of laboratory permeability tests demonstrated significant reductions in hydraulic conductivity with increasing additive content, resulting in delayed steady-state conditions and a reduction of up to 98.2% in seepage rate compared with the control model. Numerical simulations, validated against experimental results (coefficient of determination, R²>0.98), accurately reproduced phreatic lines and seepage rates and were further used to examine the influence of core slope geometry. The results showed that a core slope of 0.75:1 provided nearly equivalent hydraulic performance to that of the baseline 1:1 slope, offering a more cost-effective alternative. These findings highlight the potential of lime–fly ash–sand mixtures as sustainable and cost-efficient alternatives for dam cores, particularly in regions where clay resources are limited.
Co-Authors Al-Kifae, Abdulaziz A. Hussein, Zainab Madhloom, Ali M.