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Wang, Ding-Jian
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Journal : Civil Engineering Journal

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Passive Earth Pressure Analysis for Unsaturated Soils on Retaining Walls Incorporating Arching Effect Wang, Ding-Jian; Fan, Zhi-Qiang; Wang, Qian-Yun; Wen, Tao; Zhang, Ya-Hui
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-05

Abstract

Retaining structures in geological and geotechnical engineering are often embedded in unsaturated soil strata. Conventional methods for calculating earth pressure in unsaturated soils typically ignore the rotation of principal stresses in the backfill, a phenomenonknown as the soil arching effect. This study presents a novel analytical framework for determining the passive earth pressure in unsaturated soils that explicitly incorporates this arching effect. The proposed model accounts for both principal stress rotation and the hydro-mechanical coupling between matric suction and soil stress under groundwater influence. Based on the shear strength criterion for unsaturated soils, the model assumes a circular-arc trajectory for the rotating major principal stress, and hydrostatic seepage with matric suction distributed linearly with depth. Using a coordinate axis translation technique, quantitative relationships among lateral earth pressure, interlayer shear stress, and vertical stress are established. The force equilibrium equations for a horizontal differential soil element are then solved to derive closed-form expressions for the passive earth pressure distribution and resultant force. Validation against physical model tests and numerical simulations confirms the model’s accuracy and demonstrates its superiority over the extended Rankine theory, which systematically underestimates passive resistance. Parametric studies highlight the influences of groundwater depth, initial matric suction, and soil strength parameters. The proposed framework offers a more realistic and mechanically sound basis for the design of retaining structures in unsaturated soil environments.
From Corrosion to Collapse: Spatiotemporal Evolution of Local Stability in Anchored Anti-Dip Slopes Wang, Ding-Jian; Wang, Qian-Yun; Fan, Zhi-Qiang; Ouyang, Fang; Zhang, Ya-Hui
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-01

Abstract

The long-term stability of anchored anti-dip slopes in hydropower and mining projects is threatened by corrosion-induced degradation of rock bolt systems. Existing deterministic models relying on global safety factors fail to capture localized failure mechanisms and inherent geotechnical uncertainties. This study aims to develop a probabilistic framework for assessing the spatiotemporal stability evolution of such slopes under progressive bolt corrosion. A novel Factor of Local Safety (FoLS) is introduced to quantify stability at individual rock column levels, enabling spatially explicit assessment. This metric is integrated with a time-variant mechanical model for bolt capacity loss and Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty propagation. Applied to a representative slope, the framework reveals complex degradation patterns: failure initiates in the extremely active toppling zone, progresses to the moderately active zone, and ultimately extends to the passive and shear sliding zones. Sensitivity analyses highlight the critical influence of bolt inclination, yield strength, bolt-rock bond strength, and grout water-cement ratio. Comparative anchorage scenarios demonstrate the superior long-term effectiveness of lower-bench reinforcement. The study provides a novel, spatially differentiated approach for the design, maintenance, and risk management of anchored anti-dip slopes, emphasizing the necessity of dynamic stability monitoring over time.
Co-Authors Fan, Zhi-Qiang Ouyang, Fang Wang, Qian-Yun Wen, Tao Zhang, Ya-Hui