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All Journal Civil Engineering Journal
Salih, Oday Asal
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Journal : Civil Engineering Journal

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Behavior of Deep Beams with Different Proportions of Recycled Plastic Type HDPE Instead of Coarse Aggregate Abawi, Ahmed M.; Salih, Oday Asal
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-03

Abstract

One of the most appealing strategies in the ongoing effort to lessen humans' impact on the environment is using waste plastic as coarse particles in concrete. This innovative approach addresses the pressing issue of mounting plastic waste and aims to diminish the adverse effects of traditional building materials, such as natural aggregates, on the environment. Plastic waste as coarse aggregates exemplifies a professional dedication to creating a resilient infrastructure that mitigates environmental harm and contributes to a greener future for future generations. Eight deep beams were cast with sustainable concrete that was made from two mixtures: one in normal strength (C30) and the other in high-strength concrete (HSC) (1% Hyperplast PC200 of cement) that included HDPE plastic, which was taken from fruit boxes that had been crushed and used in 10, 20, and 30 percentage volumetric proportions as a substitute for coarse aggregate. The two still intact have no HDPE replacement and serve as each deep beam's reference deep beam. Shear failure and ductility in the second group were slightly lower than 2% compared to the reference beam for B30. It can be argued that while the replacement has positive environmental impacts, the 23.5% loss in strength is unwanted, while the 2% decline in ductility is acceptable. While maintaining a competent structural flexural behavior, the first group demonstrated an increase in shear failure by the replacement rate (20%, 30%), and the 10% replacement rate dropped by a tiny percentage (1.25%) in comparison to the reference specimen.
Effect of Silica Modulus on Concrete Maturity at Different Curing Temperatures Ibrahim, Eman Kh.; Ahmed, Sofyan Y.; Salih, Oday Asal
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-020

Abstract

The variation in early-age strength development of concrete mixes containing locally produced OPC, cured at different temperatures throughout the seasons, has motivated many researchers to investigate this issue. This study analyzed how differences in the constituents of locally sourced OPC, particularly the silica modulus, affect strength development and its impact on concrete maturity at various temperatures. Concrete maturity was calculated using strength development over time to determine an equivalent age required to achieve a specific strength at a standard temperature. The equivalent age is a vital factor for determining the appropriate time to remove formwork at construction sites or to open roads to traffic. The study experimentally evaluated three different proportions of OPC constituents, producing three silica modulus (S.M.) values of 2.4, 2.7, and 3.0. It compared the effect of S.M. variation for two cement contents by assessing two groups of concrete with compressive strengths of 20 N/mm² and 35 N/mm², cured at temperatures of 7, 20, and 35 °C. The results revealed that strength increased with increasing curing temperature at all ages, while the rate of strength development decreased as S.M. increased for both strength levels. In contrast, the activation energy of concrete increased with increasing S.M., with the greatest increase observed in concrete with the higher cement content (35 N/mm²). The maturity function results, expressed in terms of equivalent age for concrete cured at non-standard temperatures (7 and 35 °C), showed that equivalent age was influenced by variations in the OPC S.M., with the effect being more pronounced at S.M. = 2.4 compared with S.M. values of 2.7 and 3.0.
Structural Behavior of Beam-Column Connection Using Post-Installed Steel and GFRP Rebars Mutashar, Borkan M.; Salih, Oday Asal; Kasim , Suhaib Y.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-08

Abstract

This study investigates the performance of steel and GFRP bars as post-installed reinforcement for retrofitting concrete infrastructure through experimental evaluation of the structural performance of the beam-column connection specimens. Three groups of concrete specimens were tested under flexural loading to investigate the influence of bar diameter, bar material (Steel vs. GFRP), and installation method on failure modes, load-deflection curves, and bond strength. The main failure mode at the connections was concrete breakout; however, specimens reinforced with small-diameter post-installed bars tended to fail by bar pullout. The load capacity increases by 9.64% and 12.5% when the diameter of the post-installed GFRP bar increases from 12 to 16 mm and 20 mm, respectively, and the deflection at the midspan of the beam decreases by 17.9% and 33.6% for 16 and 20 mm bars. Specimens with cast-installed reinforcements showed comparable load capacity to post-installed specimens but exhibited lower displacements. Increasing bar diameter reduced bond strength, and GFRP bars showed lower bond strength than steel bars. Overall, the results highlight the potential of GFRP bars as reliable post-installed reinforcement for strengthening critical concrete connections.
Co-Authors Abawi, Ahmed M. Ahmed, Sofyan Y. Ibrahim, Eman Kh. Kasim , Suhaib Y. Mutashar, Borkan M.