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All Journal International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research, and Technology (IJSET)
Faheem Ul Haq
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education

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THE ULTIMATE EGO AS CO-CREATOR: IQBAL’S DYNAMIC THEISM AND THE RE-ENCHANTMENT OF HUMAN AGENCY IN A POST-MECHANISTIC COSMOS Faheem Ul Haq
International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2026): FEBRUARY
Publisher : RADJA PUBLIKA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18939315

Abstract

Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a pivotal figure in modern Islamic thought, poet, and philosopher, articulated a profound metaphysical system that reimagines God as the Ultimate Ego—a dynamic, creative, and personal entity engaged in perpetual creation. This framework elevates humanity to the status of co-creators through the cultivation of khudi (selfhood or ego), a concept that emphasizes individuality, freedom, and purposeful action. Rejecting both the static determinism of mechanistic science and the passive annihilation of traditional Sufi mysticism, Iqbal’s dynamic theism integrates Qur’anic teachings, Sufi insights (selectively critiqued), and influences from Western philosophers like Henri Bergson and Friedrich Nietzsche to foster a re-enchanted worldview. In a post-mechanistic cosmos informed by quantum mechanics and relativity, where reality is probabilistic and relational rather than rigidly deterministic, Iqbal’s philosophy restores human agency, meaning, and wonder. This paper delves into the intricacies of Iqbal’s ideas, exploring their historical context, key components, philosophical implications, critiques, and contemporary relevance, arguing that they provide a robust foundation for empowering individuals in an era of scientific and existential uncertainty.
POSTCOLONIAL IDENTITIES AND HYBRIDITY IN MID-CENTURY WRITING: CHINUA ACHEBE’S THINGS FALL APART, V.S. NAIPAUL’S A HOUSE FOR MR BISWAS AND JEAN RHYS’S WIDE SARGASSO SEA Faheem Ul Haq
International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): JANUARY
Publisher : RADJA PUBLIKA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18958819

Abstract

This research paper examines the concepts of postcolonial identities and hybridity in three seminal mid-20th-century novels: Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958), V.S. Naipaul’s A House for Mr Biswas (1961), and Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea (1966). Drawing on Homi K. Bhabha’s theoretical framework of hybridity as a “Third Space” of cultural negotiation and ambivalence, the analysis explores how these works depict the fragmentation, resistance, and reconfiguration of identities in colonial and postcolonial contexts. Achebe illustrates cultural hybridity through the clash of Igbo traditions and British colonialism in Nigeria; Naipaul portrays diasporic Indian identities in Trinidad as sites of syncretism and liminality; and Rhys highlights the tragic isolation of Creole hybridity in the Caribbean. Through comparative analysis, the paper argues that hybridity, while potentially subversive, often manifests as a source of crisis and exclusion, challenging essentialist notions of cultural purity and underscoring the enduring legacies of empire.
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