<![CDATA[ROLES OF MARINE PROTECTED AREA IN THE MITIGATION OF MARINE ECOLOGICAL CHANGES. Global warming, overfishing, and coastal pollution are the main drivers of marine ecological changes in developing countries, such as Indonesia. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) prioritizing the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is the local mitigation to reduce the effects of marine ecological changes. It has been acknowledged that MPAs play important roles in: (1) reducing the effects of global warming via uptaking and storing carbon into sediments, (2) protecting marine lives via providing suitable habitats and maintaining natural behaviors, (3) supporting coastal pollution via enhancing water and sediment quality. In order to gain maximum benefits, MPAs should meet four standard criteria: (1) representation, i.e. MPAs should cover all marine ecosystems (e.g. mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs), (2) replication, i.e. MPAs should be connected, and (4) self-sustaining total area, i.e. MPAs should be large enough to support ecological processes.]]>
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