HERMENEUTIKA HADIS: Upaya Memecah Kebekuan Teks

Hauqola, N Kholis ( “HARMONiKA Institute” Yogyakarta)

Jurnal Theologia
Vol 24, No 1 (2013): Kajian al-Quran dan Hadis

Abstract: “Standardization” of hadith’ interpretation is a religious understanding manifestTop of Form “Establishment” in hadith interpretation is a manifesto carries religious understanding entity; not only in the form of interpretation entity, understanding entity, truth entity, Islam entity, but also the other entity in religion. In contemporary lives of people the Prophet hadith presents in a “stagnant” and poor application consequently. It ignites a breakthrough to break up the stagnant sphere for shake “indigenization” of the hadith in order to correspond with reality epoch. In hadith interpretation, one of them is hermeneutic approaches. This hermeneutic approach could be achieved using 3 compositions; (1) meaning within the text (internal interpretation of the hadith text, (2) meaning behind the hadith text (things around interpretation of the hadith), (3) meaning in front of the text (“the opposite” interpretation of the hadith text). These three compositions of the interpretation have focus, target, and method in which are completed one another. They examine not only the horizon of the text (matan), the originator of the horizon (the Prophet), the reader (rijal al-hadith, mukharrij al-hadith, also mufassir), but also its contextuality. Nevertheless, for “established” hadith diciplines, hermeneutic is a “supporting instrument” (not replacing instrument), however, it is perceived able to create interpretation by combining textuality element and hadith contextuality through this hermeneutic approach at once, since a text could only come together in a context. Abstrak: “Pembakuan” pemaknaan hadis merupakan manifesto pemahaman agama yang mengusung ketunggalan; baik dalam bentuk penafsiran tunggal, pemahaman tunggal, kebenaran tunggal, Islam tunggal, dan ketungalan-ketunggalan lain dalam beragama. Akibatnya, hadis-hadis Nabi hadir di tengah kehidupan umat kekinian dalam bentuknya yang “beku” dan miskin aplikasi. Perihal tersebut memantik terobosan untuk memecah kebekuan demi “pribumisasi” hadis agar sesuai dengan realitas zaman. Salah satunya adalah pendekatan hermeneutik dalam penafsiran hadis. Pendekatan hermeneutik dalam penafsiran hadis dapat dilakukan melalui 3 (tiga) lapis penafsiran, yaitu: (1) penafsiran “dari dalam” teks hadis (meaning within the text); (2) penafsiran “terhadap hal-hal di sekitar” teks hadis (meaning behind the text);  dan, (3) penafsiran “yang melawan” teks hadis (meaning in front of the text). Ketiga lapis penafsiran ini memiliki fokus, sasaran, serta metode yang antara satu dengan lainnya saling melengkapi. Ia mengkaji bukan hanya horison teks (matan), tetapi juga horison penggagas (Nabi), pembaca (rijal al-hadis, mukharrij al-hadis, serta mufassir), dan kontekstualitasnya.Meskipun hermeneutik merupakan “alat bantu” (bukan pengganti) bagi ilmu-ilmu hadis yang telah “mapan”, namun melalui pen­dekatan hermeneutik dirasakan mampu melahirkan pemakna­an yang menggabungkan unsur tekstualitas dan konteks­tualitas hadis sekaligus, mengingat sebuah teks hanya bisa menemukan maknanya dalam konteks. Keywords: ḥadīṡ, hermeneutic, textuality, contextuali­za­tion, interpretation