Development of Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (µPADs) for Determination of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ Ions in Mineral Water

Andri Hermansyah (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, 16424|University of Indonesia|Indonesia Indonesian Food and Drug Authority, Jakarta 10560|Indonesian Food and Drug Authority|Indonesia)
Neil V. Rees (School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT|University of Birmingham|United Kingdom)
Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, 16424|University of Indonesia|Indonesia)
Rahmat Wibowo (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, 16424|University of Indonesia|Indonesia)

JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI
Vol 26, No 9 (2023): Volume 26 Issue 9 Year 2023

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) have been successfully developed using dual detection: electrochemical and colorimetric systems. The µPADs have the potential to be used as Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) sensors to test the quality of water. The fabrication process uses hot embossing and screen-printing methods. The working electrode in the electrochemical zone was enhanced by the bismuth metal deposition process, while in the colorimetric zone, the gold nanoparticles modified with thioctic acid and dansylhydrazine (TA-Au-DNS) were used as a colorimetric sensor to detect Cu. The basic material of µPADs was characterized using a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and a contact angle meter (CAM). In the electrochemical zone, the signals of square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) resulted in good detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II) (from 0 to 100 ppb) with a limit of detection of 1.588 and 1.42 ppb, respectively. In the colorimetric zone, the performance of TA-Au-DNS for detecting Cu metal was obtained from readings through the red-green-blue (RGB) sensor as a miniature of µPADs reader. The LOD, LOQ, and average Vx0 (linearity values) in the detection of Cu(II) (from 58 to 100 ppb) are 8.51 ppb, 28.36 ppb, and 0.41%, respectively.