<![CDATA[Background:The goal is to explore how pre-service EFL teachers develop spherical video virtual reality (SVVR) projects, applying technological (TK), pedagogical (PK), and content knowledge (CK). Methodology: The data was collected from artifacts of pre-service EFL teachers' SVVR, and then analyzed using epistemic network analysis, a quantitative ethnography analysis. Findings: The pre-service EFL teachers primarily utilized TK features when designing virtual reality projects. These projects incorporated text-to-speech (TTS) to offer authentic speakers. Conclusion: This study showcased the extent to which pre-service EFL teachers developed their virtual reality projects and the features they used. Originality: Our study, utilizing epistemic network analysis, adds a layer to the common analysis, enriching the understanding of pre-service teachers' SVVR projects.]]>
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