<![CDATA[The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is necessary for the internet of things (IoT) because it offers scalable, reliable, and energy-efficient routing capabilities. The trickling algorithm generates a destination-oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) with the broadcasting of suppression. However, broadcast suppression is insufficient when addressing network coverage and optimization problems based on uneven node distribution. Network congestion develops in large-scale IoT implementations where many devices are interconnected and congestion causes data transmission delays, decreased overall reliability, and higher latency. In this paper, the grasshopper optimization algorithm with the DODAG (GOA-DODAG) is proposed to determine optimization problems and energy-efficient reliable routing paths which include coverage-based dynamic trickling technique to construct DODAG energy-efficient without affecting the coverage of network and data routing reliability. The GOA-DODAG achieves a 98% packet delivery ratio (PDR) while consuming 0.48 mJ, which is more preferable in comparison to the existing methods like efficient-routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (E-RPL), reliable and energy-efficient RPL (REFER), elaborated cross-layer RPL objective function to achieve energy efficiency (ELITE).]]>
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