<![CDATA[Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder causing a decline in dopamine levels, impacting the peripheral nervous system and motor functions. Current detection methods often identify PD at advanced stages. This study addresses early-stage detection using handwriting analysis, specifically exploring the PaHaW dataset for pen pressure and stroke movement data. Evaluating online and offline features, the research employs pre-trained CNN models (VGG 19 and AlexNet) for offline datasets, achieving an overall accuracy of 0.53. For online datasets, velocity, and acceleration features are extracted and classified using Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and recurrent neural networks (RNN), with GRU yielding the highest accuracy at 0.57. Notably, the convolution-based model C-Bi-GRU surpasses other architectures with a remarkable 0.75 accuracy, emphasizing its efficacy in early PD detection. These findings underscore the potential of handwriting analysis as a diagnostic tool for PD, contributing valuable insights for further research and development in medical diagnostics.]]>
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