<![CDATA[This study aims to examine the magnitude of outbound profit-shifting by multinational enterprises (MNEs) across different investment types in the ASEAN. Using ORBIS data from 2013 to 2018, a pooled least squares panel data analysis is conducted. Results indicate that investment activities aimed at achieving higher efficiency demonstrate greater elasticity regarding profit-shifting behavior. Notably, policymakers should focus on the manufacturing sector, where profit-shifting practices are more common in efficiency-seeking investments. Nevertheless, governments need to balance regulatory efforts and policies to attract foreign direct investment due to the potential benefits of FDI spillovers and the risks of profit-shifting activities. Achieving this balance is a critical challenge.]]>
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