<![CDATA[This study mainly to examined students’ technology capability and their perception of social presence in online learning during covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, we also examined the role of learner characteristics as moderation variable in relationship between technology capability and social presence. A total of 380 people (students of batch 2017 from private university located in Bandung) have participated voluntarily as the respondents. Hypotheses testing were employed by Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) technique. The results of this research were (1) technology capability significantly affect social presence; (2) learner characterictics significantly affect social presence; (3) learner characterictics significantly increased the relationship between technology capability and social presence. These findings clarify that online learning effectiveness is not only determined by students’ technology capability, but also students’ certain characteristics. In addition, the result of this study indicate that the role of technology capabilities is essential in online learning and associated with interactions during activities. Also, these results provide some important recommendations to all lecturers in university to develop an effective learning process during this pandemic.]]>
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