The Role of U-Net Segmentation for Enhancing Deep Learning-based Dental Caries Classification

Yassar, Muhammad Keysha Al
Fitria, Maya
Oktiana, Maulisa
Yufnanda, Muhammad Aditya
Saddami, Khairun
Muchtar, Kahlil
Isma, Teuku Reza Auliandra

Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics
Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): May

Dental caries, one of the most prevalent oral diseases, can lead to severe complications if left untreated. Early detection is crucial for effective intervention, reducing treatment costs, and preventing further deterioration. Recent advancements in deep learning have enabled automated caries detection based on clinical images; however, most existing approaches rely on raw or minimally processed images, which may include irrelevant structures and noise, such as the tongue, lips, and gums, potentially affecting diagnostic accuracy. This research introduces a U-Net-based tooth segmentation model, which is applied to enhance the performance of dental caries classification using ResNet-50, InceptionV3, and ResNeXt-50 architectures. The methodology involves training the teeth segmentation model using transfer learning from backbone architectures ResNet-50, VGG19, and InceptionV3, and evaluating its performance using IoU and Dice Score. Subsequently, the classification model is trained separately with and without segmentation using the same hyperparameters for each model with transfer learning, and their performance is compared using a confusion matrix and confidence interval. Additionally, Grad-CAM visualization was performed to analyze the model's attention and decision-making process. Experimental results show a consistent performance improvement across all models with the application of segmentation. ResNeXt-50 achieved the highest accuracy on segmented data, reaching 79.17%, outperforming ResNet-50 and InceptionV3. Grad-CAM visualization further confirms that segmentation plays a crucial role in directing the model’s focus to relevant tooth areas, improving classification accuracy and reliability by reducing background noise. These findings highlight the significance of incorporating tooth segmentation into deep learning models for caries detection, offering a more precise and reliable diagnostic tool. However, the confidence interval analysis indicates that despite consistent improvements across all metrics, the observed differences may not be statistically significant.