<![CDATA[This study discusses the initial debate on the time of Isha prayer among scholars, which mainly involves differences of opinion between Imam Malik, Imam Syafi'i, and Imam Abu Hanifah. Imam Malik and Imam Syafi'i agreed that the time of Isha prayer begins with the disappearance of the red light (ash-Syafaq al-Ahmar) after sunset, while Imam Abu Hanifah argued that the time is marked by the disappearance of the white light (syafaq abyad). This difference arises from various interpretations of the word "syafaq" in Arabic which has multiple meanings. This study examines the social, cultural, and scientific contexts during the time of Imam Hanafi and the influence of the development of astronomy on determining prayer times. This article also analyzes the influence of geographical and climatic factors, showing that syafaq abyad is easier to observe in Baghdad compared to Indonesia. In Baghdad, the dry atmospheric conditions and minimal light pollution provide a sharper contrast, while in Indonesia, high humidity and light pollution make it difficult to observe the phenomenon. Furthermore, criticism of Imam Hanafi's opinion is expressed by considering a multi-disciplinary approach, including theology and astronomy, indicating the need for a more flexible and adaptive understanding in determining prayer times in various geographical contexts. The conclusion of this article shows the importance of integrating tradition with scientific advances to achieve more accurate and relevant worship practices in the modern era, reinforcing the need for open discussion among scholars, and increasing harmony in worship practices among Muslims throughout the world.]]>
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