<![CDATA[Fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases significantly threaten citrus production and quality worldwide, prompting producers to explore technological solutions to mitigate the financial impact of these diseases. Image analysis techniques have emerged as powerful tools for detecting citrus diseases by differentiating between healthy and diseased specimens through the extraction of discriminative features from input images. This paper introduces a valuable dataset comprising 953 color images of orange leaves from the species Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, which serves to train, evaluate, and compare various algorithms aimed at identifying abnormalities in citrus fruits. The development of automated detection systems is crucial for reducing economic losses in citrus production, with this research focusing on twelve specific diseases and nutrient deficiencies. We propose a novel approach to citrus plant disease detection utilizing a hyper-parameter tuned transferrable convolutional neural network (TCNN) model, referred to as the enhanced fruitfly optimization algorithm (EFOA)-TCNN model. This model optimizes the parameters of TCNN using the EFOA and enhances architectural design by incorporating three convolutional layers alongside an energy layer instead of a traditional pooling layer. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed EFOA-TCNN model outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, achieving a sensitivity of 0.975 and an accuracy of 0.995.]]>
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