<![CDATA[This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategies for photovoltaic systems, focusing on the classical perturb and observe (P&O) method, an artificial intelligence based fuzzy logic controller (FLC), and a robust sliding mode control (SMC) technique. These methods aim to maximize power output by dynamically adapting to rapid and unpredictable environmental variations, such as changes in solar irradiance. Simulations performed the MATLAB/Simulink environment under diverse real-world scenarios demonstrate that SMC and FLC outperform the conventional P&O approach, particularly under conditions of sudden and severe environmental in fluctuations. The findings highlight the advanced controllers’ ability to sustain optimal power extraction, minimize energy losses, and maintain system stability across varying operating conditions. These results underscore the potential of SMC-based MPPT systems to enhance the efficiency and resilience of renewable energy applications, making them highly viable for deployment in real-world scenarios characterized by volatile environmental conditions.]]>
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