<![CDATA[Environmental pollution caused by mining activities is a complex issue that requires comprehensive handling through strict and effective criminal laws. Holders of a Mining Business License (IUP) have a legal obligation to comply with environmental protection and management regulations. While some studies examine criminal environmental liability in general, this study specifically analyzes the criminal liability of IUP holders. It focuses on factors that influence the effectiveness of law enforcement and formulates a criminal law enforcement model that can enhance environmental protection from the negative impacts of mining activities. Using a normative legal research method, this study analyzes the legal basis for the criminal liability of IUP holders in cases of environmental pollution caused by mining activities. It identifies factors that influence the effectiveness of criminal law enforcement against IUP holders and formulates a criminal law enforcement model to enhance environmental protection from the negative impacts of mining activities. The study analyzes primary legal materials, such as Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, related regulations, and previous research findings. The results of the study indicate that the legal framework for the criminal liability of IUP holders is based on the principle of comprehensive liability, encompassing both corporate and individual liability, with the application of progressive criminal sanctions. The effectiveness of environmental criminal law enforcement is influenced by the complexity of interagency coordination, human resource capacity, the application of the ultimum remedium principle, and a monitoring system that requires improvement. This study contributes to developing more effective environmental criminal law enforcement policies by strengthening interagency coordination, improving human resource capacity, and using technology for monitoring.]]>
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