<![CDATA[This study aimed to evaluate the performance of PVDF and PVC ultrafiltration membranes coated with Al2O3 in removing total dissolved solids (TDS) from Sungai Jagir river water after a pre-treatment adsorption using Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). The adsorption process was conducted for 10 minutes before the water was filtered through the membranes under various operating pressures (1, 1.5, and 2 bar) and operation times (0.1–0.5 h). The results showed that both membranes exhibited an increase in TDS rejection efficiency with longer operation time, while pressure had a limited effect. The PVDF membrane demonstrated consistently higher TDS rejection compared to PVC, suggesting that membrane surface properties influence solute removal efficiency. Statistical analysis using three-way ANOVA revealed that operation time had a significant effect on TDS rejection, whereas pressure did not show a notable impact. These findings indicate that contact duration between water and membrane plays a crucial role in reducing TDS in river water through ultrafiltration.]]>
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