Electronic Journal of Graph Theory and Applications (EJGTA)
Vol 13, No 2 (2025): Electronic Journal of Graph Theory and Applications

Uniquely proper distinguishing colorable graphs

Korivand, Meysam (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran)
Soltankhah, Nasrin (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran)
Khashyarmanesh, Kazem (Department of Pure Mathematics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, \\ P.O.Box 1159-91775, Mashhad, Iran)



Article Info

Publish Date
31 Oct 2025

Abstract

A proper vertex-coloring of a graph G is called distinguishing, if the only automorphism preserving the colors is the identity. The minimum number of colors for such a coloring is denoted by χD(G). We say a graph G is uniquely proper distinguishing colorable (UPDC, for short) if and only if there exists only one partition of V(G) into χD(G) independent sets such that the identity is the only automorphism of G preserving the partition.In this paper, we study the UPDC graphs. We show that a disconnected graph is UPDC if and only if it is the union of two isomorphic asymmetric connected bipartite graphs. We prove some results on bipartite UPDC graphs and show that any UPDC tree is one of the following: (i) an asymmetric tree, (ii) a tree with precisely one non-trivial automorphism and center xy such that this automorphism interchanges x and y, (iii) a star graph. Additional, a characterization of all graphs G of order n with the property that χD(G∪G) = χD(G) = k, where k=n-2, n-1, n, is given in this paper. Finally, we determine all graphs G of order n with the property that χD(G∪G) = χD(G)+1 = ℓ, where ℓ=n-1, n, n+1.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

ejgta

Publisher

Subject

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Description

The Electronic Journal of Graph Theory and Applications (EJGTA) is a refereed journal devoted to all areas of modern graph theory together with applications to other fields of mathematics, computer science and other sciences. The journal is published by the Indonesian Combinatorial Society ...